Planet Earth and Geomagnetism essays

Planet Earth and Geomagnetism articles Geomagnetism alludes to the investigation of earth's attraction. Age of the attractive field has all the earmarks of being identified with the movement of liquid upon the earth. It electrically leads the material inside the earth, and the planet goes about as a self-energizing dynamo [Encarta Encyclopedia 1998]. The directing material and the geomagnetic field may commonly control one another. Investigation of this hypothesis is called magnetohydrodynamics or hydromagnetics. The investigation of how the attractive field Ha changed all through the world's history, called paleomagnetism, gave the main solid hypotheses of plate tectonics. Increasingly evidence of this hypothesis is the way that the outside of the earth has a negative charge. Despite the fact that the conductivity of the air close to the earth is little, air is certifiably not an ideal cover, and the negative charge would deplete off rapidly on the off chance that it were not consistently renewed somehow or another. The attractive posts don't relate with the geographic shafts of its hub, and the situation of the attractive shafts isn't consistent and shows an apparent change from year to year. Varieties in the attractive field of the earth incorporate mainstream variety - the adjustment toward the field brought about by moving of the posts. This is an intermittent variety that rehashes itself following 960 years. A littler yearly variety likewise exists, as does diurnal, or day by day, which must be recognized by delicate instruments. Estimations of the common variety show that the whole attractive field tends to float westbound at the pace of 12 - 15 miles for each year. There is additionally the hypothetical basic molecule containing just a single attractive post; it is known as a monopole. All realized attractive particles are dipole in nature - that is, they contain both a north and south attractive post - yet the conceivable presence of attractive monopoles was proposed by balance speculations in the 1930's. This thought remains some portion of flows terrific unification hypotheses that are endeavoring to bring togeth... <!

Social Movements free essay sample

Quinton Johnston Managing in Social Change Social developments are a sort of gathering activity. They are a huge gathering of individuals that assemble to communicate their interests or conclusions primarily on a particular subject or thought. Social developments started during the 1800s. The term social developments was first presented in 1850 by Lorenz Von Stein who was a German Sociologist. He presented the term in his book named History of the French Social Movement from 1789 to the Present (1850). Students of history found that the individuals that will in general become associated with developments are individuals that discover enthusiasm for the particular development. Patrons that become associated with developments will in general put resources into the possibility that is introduced by the pioneers and movers inside the development. There are a wide range of patrons, some that support the development monetarily, ethically, financially, and truly. The pioneers of social developments are people that have discovered a specific energy for an issue or concern and has verified that they need to realize change through driving the development. We will compose a custom article test on Social Movements or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These pioneers have investigated approaches to address the specific issue/concern and they have introduced potential answers for a gathering of individuals who have comparative premium and the individuals who have built up a similar enthusiasm for tending to the issue to achieve change. Subsequent to introducing the potential arrangements, supporters, supporters and others will accumulate with the pioneers to start the development. Supporters are individuals who show a significant help for the individuals who have endured hardship. Much of the time, supporters will show the entirety of their help to the individuals from the social gathering since they would have experience difficulties in a similar zone as the social movers or would have known somebody who has. Individuals that join a social development are individuals that have trust in the change that is proposed by the development. Individuals from the development would walk the avenues and lead social affairs and rallies to get others to join the thought and to commit to the development. The fundamental explanation behind this is on the grounds that the main way that social change can happen is by affecting others to put stock in the development. It is difficult to impact others to join a development for the most part since everybody has their own sentiment on social issues and not every person will acknowledge the possibility of social change with respect to the sort of issue. Social Movements are not generally fruitful because of this hypothesis. There are numerous social developments that have gone on for a considerable length of time and are continually battling for a social change. One of the fundamental social developments that is persistently to battle for their privileges is the Gay Marriage development. For a considerable length of time, the LGBT people group has battled for their privileges as US residents and just as of late got an overstep in law to favor same sex marriage. This social development is still on the ascent to being endorsed in all states. As far as I can tell, I have been drawn closer by a few developments to join or even give cash. For instance, the natural development moved toward me to advise me about current ecological issues and worries in the City of Chicago. I comprehended what the development spoke to and why individuals were so worried about the issue yet by and by, it didn’t intrigue me enough to give more than what I gave. One reason was presumably a result of the individual’s approach towards me and the subject of the issue. Instead of the Don’t Shoot, I need to Live Movement, I gave a pleasant gift to this gathering since I knew survivors of viciousness and I have a more grounded enthusiasm for this development. Social developments are not generally effective. There are numerous explanations behind disappointment of social developments over the US. One of the fundamental reasons is because of the absence of attention to the subjects being tended to by the gathering. Another explanation may be the measure of time and enthusiasm that those included have in the development. A ton of times, this influences the devotion to tending to issues of social development hence leaving them to be ineffective. Then again, there are numerous social developments that are and have been fruitful. The accomplishment of these developments was tended to like the bombed developments. Rather, these developments in all probability had a more profound and more grounded establishment and had a lot of individuals to join the development. The methods of social developments can be trying as in not every single social development are for positive change so in this manner the method of social developments can be trying as in not every single social development are for positive change so hence the manner in which issues are tended to is harsher. A case of such development is the development to advance psychological warfare. This gathering centers around making better approaches for submitting fear monger follows up on nations and individual gatherings. There was a counter-psychological oppression development that was begun to balance the assaults of fear mongers.

Teacher Education in TESOL (Master's Level) Research Paper

Educator Education in TESOL (Master's Level) - Research Paper Example 19). Educator improvement is the advancement of a feeling of the qualities and shortcomings in an instructor with the goal that the expanded mindfulness coming about because of the procedure enables the educator to recognize better approaches to instruct others. Preparing and instruction are both the methods for improvement of an instructor. How is second language educator preparing unique in relation to instructor preparing in different controls? Second language educator preparing varies from preparing of instructors in different trains in that it grants a requirement for the educator to examine and create similarity with various social factors that drive the students’ propensity to learn second language, language being naturally and indispensably connected with culture while preparing in different subjects isn't obliged by social contrasts. Instructor preparing in different orders is principally about building up the skill of the educator in the specialized parts of the subj ect for example lab work preparing for such subjects as material science and science, and preparing of programming and programming for the subject of PC. In actuality, preparing of educators in the instructing of second language is progressively about contacting the understudies both independently and aggregately in order to comprehend the obstructions they face in building up their fitness in the subsequent language. One part of instructor preparing in the subject of second language educating could be arranging and planning of talk so that it incorporates exercises and activities focused on independently focusing on the obstructions of understudies in learning the subsequent language, regarding the time imperatives of the talk. 2. Outline of educator preparing history and the fundamental hypotheses on instructor preparing. The historical backdrop of educator preparing shifts starting with one nation then onto the next, yet one normal and entirely positive improvement that has happe ned throughout the years is expanded utilization of ICT and trend setting innovation in the instructor preparing. The preparation of elementary teachers goes back to the late Victorian time frame when it started nearly by a mishap after the Kindergarten school was built up in the year 1882 (Randall, 2007). Bedford was families’ decision in light of the accessibility of high caliber of training. The Training College was set up initially with just five understudies and kept on staying at the site for over 70 years. The Bedford understudies followed Friedrich Froebel’s dynamic model of preparing. The framework progressively turned out to be increasingly evolved and progressed. In like manner, the main training prerequisites in the pilgrim time frame in America were fair learning and low compensation. Educator preparing started during the 1820s and 1830s in institutes that were equivalent to the contemporary auxiliary schools (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2011). à ¢â‚¬ ¦..and the principle hypotheses on instructor preparing. Moral hypotheses essentially apply in educator preparing. â€Å"We accept that some instructing of moral hypothesis †the educating of the manners in which we can separate right from off-base, great from awful - is important in morals courses, however we propose a humble, not a significant job for theory† (Bowden and Smythe, 2008, p. 23). Since exploitative conduct is recognizable, understudies and instructors can separately survey their actions’ rightness or misleading quality. Preparing of the instructors of second language depicts the teacher’s thought as an intelligent specialist, that is a person who thinks about the expert practices with a view to

How to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer

Instructions to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer Windows Explorer is the thing that you use in the Windows working framework to peruse for records and envelopes. You can make a comparative structure with Delphi so a similar substance is populated inside your projects UI. Basic exchange encloses are utilized Delphi to open and spare a record in an application. In the event that you need to utilize redid record administrators and catalog perusing exchanges, you need to manage document framework Delphi segments. The Win 3.1 VCL palette bunch incorporates a few parts that permit you to assemble your own custom File Open or File Save discourse box: TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox. Exploring Files The document framework parts permit us to choose a drive, see the progressive catalog structure of a circle, and see the names of the records in a given registry. The entirety of the record framework segments are intended to cooperate. For instance, your code checks what the client has done to, say, a DriveComboBox and afterward gives this data to a DirectoryListBox. The progressions in DirectoryListBox are then passed to a FileListBox wherein the client can choose the file(s) required. Structuring the Dialog Form Start another Delphi application and select the Win 3.1 tab of the Component palette. At that point do the accompanying: Spot one TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox segment on a structure, keeping the entirety of their default namesAdd one TEdit (named FileNameEdit) and one TLabel (call it DirLabel).Include a couple of marks with inscriptions, similar to File Name, Directory, List Files of Type, and Drives. To show the at present chosen way as a string in a DirLabel parts subtitle, dole out the Labels name to the DirectoryListBoxs DirLabel property. On the off chance that you need to show the chose filename in an EditBox (FileNameEdit), you need to allot the Edit objects Name (FileNameEdit) to the FileListBoxs FileEdit property. More Lines of Code At the point when you have all the record framework segments on the structure, you simply need to set the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property all together for the segments to convey and show what the client needs to see. For instance, when the client chooses another drive, Delphi actuates the DriveComboBox OnChange occasion handler. Make it resemble this: Â procedure TForm1.DriveComboBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginDirectoryListBox1.Drive : DriveComboBox1.Drive;end; This code changes the showcase in the DirectoryListBox by actuating its OnChange occasion Handler: Â procedure TForm1.DirectoryListBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginFileListBox1.Directory : DirectoryListBox1.Directory;end; So as to perceive what record the client has chosen, you have to utilize the OnDblClick occasion of the FileListBox: Â procedure TForm1.FileListBox1DblClick(Sender: TObject) ;beginShowmessage(Selected: FileListBox1.FileName) ;end; Recollect that the Windows show is to have a double tap pick the record, not a solitary snap. This is significant when you work with a FileListBox in light of the fact that utilizing a bolt key to travel through a FileListBox would consider any OnClick handler that you have composed. Separating the Display Utilize a FilterComboBox to control the sort of documents that are shown in a FileListBox. In the wake of setting the FilterComboBoxs FileList property to the name of a FileListBox, set the Filter property to the record types that you need to show. Heres an example channel: Â FilterComboBox1.Filter : All records (*.*)|*.* | Project documents (*.dpr)|*.dpr | Pascal units (*.pas)|*.pas; Insights and Tips Setting the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property (in the recently composed OnChange occasion handlers) at runtimeâ can be likewise be done at configuration time. You can achieve this sort of association at configuration time by setting the accompanying properties (from the Object Inspector): DriveComboBox1.DirList : DirectoryListBox1DirectoryListBox1.FileList : FileListBox1 Clients can choose various documents in a FileListBox if its MultiSelect property is True. The accompanying code tells the best way to make a rundown of different determinations in a FileListBox and show it in a SimpleListBox (some customary ListBox control). Â var k: integer;...with FileListBox1 doif SelCount 0 thenfor k:0 to Items.Count-1 doif Selected[k] thenSimpleListBox.Items.Add(Items[k]) ; To show full way names that are not abbreviated with an ellipsis, don't allot a Label object name to the DirLabel property of a DirectoryListBox. Rather, embed a Label into a structure and set its inscription property in the DirectoryListBoxs OnChange occasion to the DirectoryListBox.Directory property.

Theatrical Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Showy Show - Essay Example I guess that each watcher watching a play thinks about his encounters to the experience on the stage and connects himself with one of the head saints. That is the reason for most watchers, as I understood after the play, being relinquished in adolescent age was intolerable. It was discouraging for me too in light of the fact that I reviewed in a split second how ineffectively secured and created I was at thirteen and even sixteen and how my character needed rationality and endurance. They state, that adolescent years are the hardest for guardians and keeping in mind that watching kids who grow up without guardians I felt profound respect and a desire (that I can view as a commendation to the convincing representations made o the stage). From one perspective, it is an incredible test; then again it is such an energizing encounter for kids. I surmise that if individuals are framed in such conditions they can turn out to be really independent individuals. That is the thing that we find in the â€Å"Edith Can Shoot Things and Hit Them† : the procedure of characters improvement. It is extremely difficult to catch this slippery second yet I can't help suspecting that the entertainers of this play adapted to their errand. Edith is by all methods a focal figure in the play since she is the most youthful. This young lady is a genuine boyish girl who has such a large number of various types of weapon that an expert fighter could be astounded. A rifle and a bow with bolts serve her as an emblematic assurance from the issues of the outside world she can't settle because of her age. Being just twelve, the period when different young ladies simply start walk more remote from their homes, Edith needs to shield her little family from deficiency and reckless guardians. I was contacted to consider a to be so solid as a character thus sensitive as an individual inside, and her aptitudes with a rifle filled in as a decent similitude to me. The entertainer figured out how to feel how somewhat human can conceal her dread of uncertainty under a cover of bluster and detachment. I guess that the on-screen character was

Happy Holidays! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Happy Holidays! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Happy Holidays! The University will be closed from Dec. 24 through Jan. 4, with limited exceptions on Jan. 4 such as orientation and a skeleton staff in Admissions. As such, I will be limited in my postings on this blog during this time. This does not mean that I do not care, only that I enjoy sleeping in, opening presents, and enjoying time with my family. I wish all of you a happy and safe holiday season, and good luck for all of you who are completing your applications, or part IIs for deferred students. Remember to review my suggestions about writing admissions essays, and make sure to try and get things in before a deadline, not on it! Go Dawgs!

Immigration and the 2016 Presidential Election of the United States - Free Essay Example

To what extent did cultural, political, demographic, socioeconomic, and historic factors concerning Mexican immigration affect voter turnout and outcome of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election? INTRODUCTION The U.S. Presidential Election of 2016 was perhaps one of the most complex and polarizing elections in U.S. History. Political ideologies between Americans were strained to the extent that relations between the peoples of the U.S. were slowed or destroyed entirely: especially on the stance of Mexican immigration more specifically. Looking back on past perspectives of Mexican immigration from American citizens, opinions have fluctuated and often during times of national economic hardship or war. For example, â€Å"the American public adopted a more [welcoming] outlook on international migration following World War II† (Morris). Today, Americans are torn apart by the underlying and complex factors behind immigration such as the economics behind the labor force, humanitarian ethics for those seeking political asylum, and the cultural elements that immigrants bring to the United States. Moreover, immigration attitudes also differ by national origin group, citizenship status, and r egion of the country (Espenshade Hempstead). Using research and comparative analysis of data, the following questions will be addressed. How might the past attitudes affect todays? To what extent did cultural, political, demographic, socioeconomic, and historic factors concerning Mexican immigration affect voter turnout and outcome of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election? A HISTORY OF MEXICAN IMMIGRATION IN AMERICA As an outcome of the Mexican-American War, Mexico suffered massive amounts of lost territory including Texas and soon to be states: California: New Mexico: Arizona: and Nevada. Under the ideals of Manifest Destiny, Americans were looking to expand westward as it was seen to be God’s intentions. The creation of the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 made this possible, thus creating the first transcontinental railway enabling thousands of Americans to migrate west. At the same time, President Diaz of Mexico was looking to expand the Mexican population into the north by also building his own system of railways. As a result, â€Å"the almost simultaneous development of railroad networks in both countries, as well as agricultural expansion in the United States, gave birth to a bi-national labour market in which an increasing accumulation of Mexican workers with experience in both sectors sustained a large portion of the expansion of these activities in the neighbour country to the nort h, the U.S.† (Sicremi). Furthermore, the U.S. would see more Mexican labourers working on these farms and railways in the developing west. This initial impression of the strong Hispanic workforce appealed promising to Americans. They saw the potential of these workers and their capabilities to expand the American economy and began to utilize Mexican migration. For instance, The first program allowing contract workers to enter on a massive scale was between 1917 and 1921 in response to World War I, exempting them from the literacy tests that applies to most immigrants from other regions, like Asia for example (Aguila, et al.). As a result, Mexicans dominated the labour workforce due to a lack of ethnic competition. These workers would remain in the United States until the The Great Depression hit. Jobs became more competitive and white Americans began to feel threatened by immigration as they did before with the Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882. The total number of Mexicans deported for this reason is calculated to be more than half a million (Durand Massey; Carreras). Following up to World War II, Americans again â€Å"adopted a more liberal outlook on international migration† (Morris). Thereby, instituting the Bracero Program of 1942: â€Å"a binational treaty for the temporary employment of Mexican farmworkers in the United states † (Aguila, et al.). As an increase in demand for agricultural workers began to grow, the temporary World War II measure was extended up until 1964. As a result, the Bracero Program of 1942 allowed about 5 million temporary migrant workers into the United States (Aguila, et al). However despite this program, undocumented immigration was still a major source of Mexican labour in the United States. In fact, the amount of arrests made by United States immigration authorities was 5.2 million, greater than the amount of the admitted (Morales). In order to stop this, the U.S. instituted the quota-based Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965; their first attempt to stall Mexican immigration. The INA would restrict legal immigration under the ideal that only 20,000 visas should be granted to the countries of the entire western hemisphere: thus forcing Mexican immigrants to compete with neighboring nations for admission (Aguila et al.) As a result, undocumented immigration increased rapidly. According to Morales, â€Å"Apprehension of these migrants tripled in the first five years after the termination of the â€Å"bracero program†; going from forty thousand annual incidents during the first five-year period of the 1960’s to 120 thousand in the second five-year period; it was five-fold during the 70’s (670 thousand incidents), and reached almost one million incidents or more between 1977 and 1985, reaching 1.6 million in 1986† (Morales). To counter this, the United States produced the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. The IRCA cracked down on immigrants by increasing immigration enforcement by 50% and imposing sanctions against employers of the undocumented. However, it did grant amnesty to long term aliens, increased budgets for worksite inspections, and even granted programs for the legalization of agricultural workers. (Aguila, et al). This was necessary to gain the political support of the liberals by making compromises such as amnesty and workplace benefits in order to pass the legislation. In order to fight against liberal lawmakers and illegal immigration a wave of neo-restrictionist [conservative] sentiment emerged late in the 1970s and early 1980s as public opinion began to oppose immigrant s and refugees (Espenshade Hempstead; Simon). In 1971, Richard Nixon declared drug abuse â€Å"public enemy number one† and later the â€Å"war on drugs† as illegal drug smuggling through immigration began to worsen pressuring the Federal Government to take further action. With little effect on slowing illegal immigration, the Federal Government revised and instituted domestic laws in the 1990s, including The Immigration Act of 1990. The new immigration act took significant action by increasing the number of U.S Border Patrol Agents, providing funding for fencing in San Diego, developing new military technology, wiretapping, and increasing penalties for smugglers and aliens alike (Aguila et al). As the United States grew further into the 21st century, neo-restrictionist sentiment would grow stronger under the Republican party as the image of Mexicans began to worsen under the public eye due to drug criminalization. In addition, Liberals started to become the political vehicle for immigrants, legal or not, to push f or pro-immigrant agendas such as amnesty, government assistance, and protection in workforces where Hispanics are populous. THE ECONOMICS OF MEXICAN IMMIGRATION According to Hainmueller Hopkins, â€Å"one approach to immigration attitudes takes economic self-interest as its starting point. In this view, the native born perceive immigrants as competitors and will oppose immigrants if they have skill profiles and occupations similar to their own,† (Hainmueller Hopkins). Furthermore, â€Å"one’s job security is the crucial source of opposition to immigration. The threat of economic competition from today’s immigrants is generally seen as greatest in the low-skill, low-wage occupations, such as agriculture and entry-level positions† (Citrin, et al). Historically, Mexican immigrants have dominated in these areas, in fact ever since these immigrants arrived on U.S. soil they’ve been agriculturally invested. The argument continues by the belief that native workers may lose their jobs or opportunity and that in these industries wages may depress. Many argue that illegal Mexican immigrants impose increasingly heav y fiscal burdens on state and local governments concerning taxes through government programs such as welfare. The Federal Government itself has been sued by several state governors with claims concerning the costs of providing services to illegal immigrants (Brinkley). Thus anti-immigration preferences can be predicted by ones anxiety over the amount of taxes one pays, whether they reside in states with high taxes, or whether one lives in areas where there are large concentrations of immigrants (Citrin, et al). It is found by Kluegel and Smith that â€Å"even low-skilled and uneducated whites have been found to express racism because of the glut of unskilled immigrants† (Kluegel Smith). According to Hainmueller and Hopkins, â€Å"immigration policy will be decided on the basis of peoples’ racial attitudes†¦ [and] that economic insecurity may manifest itself in racial prejudice† (Hainmueller Hopkins). Immigrants may also pose a threat to other voting minorities such as African-Americans who operate under the same workforce. In contrast to those who are of lower socioeconomic class, economically successful natives may view continued and/or increased influxes of low-skilled, less educated immigrants as a potential economic drain among the upper class considering taxes and government funded programs for Mexican immigrants (Hood Morris). It is noted that when the economy appears to be doing well, civilians are more open to immigration while on the contrary is also common for these immigrants to be blamed for economic hardships. According to Gimpel Edwards, â€Å"many investigators have noted that opposition to immigration rises during recessionary periods (Gimpel Edwards). Simultaneously, increased restriction of legal immigration, if it has any effect on undocumented migration, is likely to generate an increase in the level of undocumented immigration; hence, an even greater incr ease at the expense of the documented population through taxes† (Hood Morris). In a 1992 study by the American National Election Study (ANES), it was detected that â€Å"fully 80% of [a] sample favored a residency requirement of at least one year before immigrants would be eligible for many government benefits† [including welfare, medicaid, and food stamps] (ANES). Leading up to the 2016 election, opinions became increasingly polarized between the Democrats and Republicans. The Democrats stood representing the immigrants while the Republicans refused to tolerate illegal immigration no longer. Moreover, â€Å"taking all into account [when considering the differences between the two primaries], pessimism about the national economy, beliefs about the negative consequences of immigration for jobs and taxes, and relatively â€Å"cool† feelings towards Hispanic are statistically significant predictors of support for reducing the level of immigration and delaying bene fits for those admitted† (Citrin, et al.). THE CULTURAL DYNAMICS OF MEXICAN IMMIGRATION As immigrants have settled over the generations and assimilated to American culture, the fear of xenophobia and nativism still exists in the hearts of many Anglo-Americans today. Cultural aspects of the Mexican immigrant population may appear to be harmful to the ideals of Americans and may sway many to oppose welcoming immigrants. In recent years, â€Å"the immigrant population has grown rapidly, and it now stands at over 40 million† according to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2011. Motivated by this statistic, scholars and researchers have attained the desire to further understand immigration attitudes and whether these attitudes are primarily influenced by economic competition, ethnocentrism, concerns about norms, and national identity (Hainmueller Hopkins). Anecdotal evidence is provided by Huntington during the U.S.-Mexico soccer match in Los Angeles of 1998, where the U.S. national anthem was booed and American players were assaulted by Mexican-Americans. This behavior indic ates a dramatic rejection of American identity, which is an integral feature of the supposed cultural threat posed by Hispanic Immigrants to American society (Huntington). From speaking English to celebrating American national holidays, assimilation to the American culture is essential for an immigrant to survive and be accepted. A study by Hainmueller and Hopkins found that there are â€Å"two types of explanations [to justify attitudes towards immigration]- sociotropic explanations and norms-based explanations-[and these] receive strong support† (Hainmueller Hopkins). When considering immigration, Americans approve of immigrants who are well educated, highly skilled, and who are planning to work and contribute to the progression of society. The notion of a productive immigrant is based on the idea that these individuals will survive on their own without draining resources such as government aid: American tax dollars (Hainmueller Hopkins). In contrast, the majority of Mexi can undocumented immigrants do not have one of these qualities, suggesting why many Americans are opposed to immigration. In order to appeal to the fear of Americans, Trump paints his own image of Mexican immigrants and goes as far to say, â€Å"[Mexican immigrants] are rapists†¦ but some, I assume are good people†¦ [Mexico takes] advantage of the United States by using illegal immigration to export the crime and poverty† (Make America Great Again! Donald J. Trump for President). Trump was able to gain substantial support from these claims (refer to demographics) as well as critical skepticism in the eyes of opposing political opponents and liberals. Trump’s language and rhetoric became very damaging to the reputations of the Mexican populous, legal or not. In fact, according to Burns Gimpel, â€Å"the more the term ‘immigrant’ becomes associated with negatively-stereotyped minority groups, the more likely immigration policy will be decided on the basis of racial attitudes and this is exactly what happened† (Burns Gimpel). Furthermore a study by Kteily and B runeau found that â€Å"Latino residents- one of the groups regularly on the receiving ends of dehumanizing rhetoric in the United States during the 2016 election cycle- perceived that their group is strongly dehumanized in the eyes of Republicans, especially Donald Trump†(Kteily Bruneau). A justified prediction can be draw from this: the fear of immigrants would urge Americans to vote but those who felt attacked or dehumanized were also ushered to the polls in an attempt to combat oppressive Republicans (Kteily Bruneau). However, the undocumented Mexican population cannot exercise the right to vote but instead must advocate for representation at the polling boxes to gain political support. THE POLITICS OF MEXICAN IMMIGRATION Donald Trump’s plan on handling immigration is to build a wall across the U.S.-Mexico border and deport 11 million unauthorized immigrants (Make America Great Again! Donald J. Trump for President). Trump also plans to reverse Obama’s executive orders that provide temporary legal status to some unauthorized immigrants in order to â€Å"put American workers first† (Martin). On the other hand, Hillary Clinton wanted to push for comprehensive immigration reform that protects families while still protecting borders and national security (Winders). When Donald Trump brought up the idea of deporting all immigrants, it sparked controversy of pro-immigration vs anti-immigration and essentially the political divide between Republican and Democrats. In other words, the conservative agenda of preserving American culture combats the progression and modernization of a novel culture. Division to this extent has been brought up in similar ways throughout our past known as the Mi nutemen Project. The Minutemen Project was an anti-immigration organization made by citizens to, â€Å"serve as part of a blocking force against entry into the U.S. by illegal aliens† (Mastro et al.). The Minutemen believed that immigrants caused cultural, economic, and security threats to the United States and would retaliate by utilizing local and state governments to limit immigrant rights or by using violence like the Garden Grove incident in 2005. Similar to the Minutemen project was Proposition 187 of Los Angeles California. Throughout most of the 1990’s, the political battle lines of the immigration debate were largely drawn in states bordering Mexico. Within these states, pressure mounted among citizen-activists for local and state leaders to address issues posed by the increasingly large immigrant population (Branton, et al.). This action denied illegal migrants access to government aid and social services; thus, making life in America very difficult. One commonality between these two anti-immigration ideas is the tremendous media attention, that resulted in rallies and protest on both sides. Looking at Donald Trump’s point of view, it can be determined that controversial issues brought up by them have resulted in cultural issues as well. One example of this is when he â€Å"linked immigration and terrorism, asserting that several terrorist attacks in the U.S. were carried out by immigrants, or the children of immigrants† (Martin). This depiction of immigrants being said by someon e who is now considered a national representative creates the idea that all immigrants are â€Å"terrorists†. Research has proved and examined the ability language and communication of stereotypes has on creating unconscious biases that can perpetuate stereotypical notions (Maass, et al). This can be explained by the News Coverage of Immigration where â€Å"attitudes toward immigration are interconnected with people’s perceptions of the ethnic minority group as a wholemedia coverage of Latino Americans and Latino immigrants†¦ echo this trend, as media portrayals of both groups emphasize stereotypes such as drugs and criminality, depicting Latinos as a threat to the White majority group.†(Mastro et al.). This supports the notion that when people hear the word â€Å"terrorist† associated with immigrants, they perceive all immigrants as terrorist rather than looking at the individuals that cause the terrorist acts. It also limits perspectives on Hillary Clinton’s side because it was mentioned that people did not want to be supportive of immigrants that were apart of terrorist acts. According to a peer reviewed article A Call for Sanctuary it says, â€Å"Trump’s campaign strategy, notably the misogynistic demonization of ClintonClinton was the face of Washington elitism and corruption, the establishment that had forsaken American jobs. It all worked, to stunning effect† (Ngai). Surprisingly, this strategy flirted with the problems of immigration in Trump’s favor. Not only did he create an image of Latino immigrants as destructive, he managed to target the other candidates to elicit fear in the minds of voters. This essentially proves that people were s ubconsciously making stereotypic biases against immigrants because of the words Donald Trump used to portray immigrants. Here are the statistics behind this. VOTER TURNOUT AND DEMOGRAPHICS Results by county Republican = 40% Republican = 50% Republican = 60% Republican = 70% Republican = 80% Republican = 90% Democrat = 40% Democrat = 50% Democrat = 60% Democrat = 70% Democrat = 80% *Dubuque, Ray, et al. â€Å"2016 US Presidential Election Map By County Vote Share.† Brilliant Maps, 29 Nov. 2016, 20 November 2018, brilliantmaps.com/2016-county-election-map/. Electoral Results by State *â€Å"2016 United States Presidential Election.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 Jan. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election. States closer to the border as predicted would vote in favor of Trump as the issue of illegal immigration was very close to home and a great issue.For example, non-border states in the 1990s experienced massive Hispanic population growth, especially in the south and southeastern states, where populations of Hispanics grew up to 70% (Branton et al). Due to these higher concentrations of Hispanics, these states were awarded to Trump as the majority population was comprised of mostly conservative anglos who feared immigrants would not culturally assimilate or take American jobs as Trump imposed. According to Pew Research, â€Å"on the contrary compared to Trump’s voter turnout, Hillary managed to achieve 66% of the Hispanic participating vote† (Pew Research). Drawing this into conclusion, it was found that Hispanics make up the majority (70-91%) of undocumented populations from the states bordering the U.S.-Mexico border: California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. It was also found that states with greater Hispanic populations tended to lean more democratic and those with lower Hispanics populations belonged to the Republicans due to overruling Anglo population. From this information, it can be determined that states along the U.S.-Mexico border did experience a significant undocumented Hispanic population which proves the ability to accurately predict a state’s popular vote. CONCLUSION Trump played a vital role in the polarization of the nation between the downsides of immigration and the questionable language used to describe immigrants. The economic and social anxieties on immigration were perhaps the driving forces of Trump’s argument which was supported by tariffs and tax cuts in order to stimulate the economy. Grasping to remain in power, blue-collar white Americans went to the polls to protect their beliefs on immigration as so did those in favor of immigration. Political debate between Republicans and Democrats on neo-restrictionism and economic disputes would lead to a greater voter turnout. In effect, factors concerning economics and neo-restrictionism prompted the majority of Americans to oppose Mexican immigration; hence, to otherwise agree with Trumps agenda leading to his Presidency. As well as his own person greed coming to politics, Trump believed that Mexican immigrants were taking American jobs, while asking for government welfare and assist ance. In reality, most immigrants never ask for government assistance, because of their culture. In most Mexican families, they take care of their own from child to grandparent, whether its money or a roof over their head. Also, the statement of Trump saying that Mexican immigrants is further disputed through the evidence provided in the recent paragraphs. Trump uses the fact that the few blue collar workers left in America are operated by mostly immigrants and a few low income American citizens. That argument of â€Å"taking jobs† is only relative to the hard jobs that most Mexican-Americans dont even have. Blaming Mexican immigrants for â€Å"taking American jobs† was not only a false scare tactic, but instead a cover up for Trump’s fear. He fears non-assimilation and economic burden from Immigrants. Thus, he must preserve the traditional anglo-American culture because immigrants will destroy it otherwise. In effect, factors concerning economics and neo-restrictionism prompted the majority of Americans to oppose Mexican immigration; hence, the agreements with Trumps agenda and why he won Presidency. WORKS CITED Aguila, Emma, et al. â€Å"Immigration by the Numbers .† United States and Mexico, RAND Corporation, 15 November 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg985rc.11 Brinkley, Joel. 1994. At Immigration, Disarray and Defeat. New York Times, v 143, 15th November 2018 Branton, Regina, et al. â€Å"All Along the Watchtower: Acculturation Fear, Anti-Latino Affect, and Immigration.† The Journal of Politics, vol. 73, no. 3, 2011, pp. 664–679., 17 November 2018, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1017/s0022381611000375. Bureau of Census. Resident Population By Race And State: 2015 [As Of July 1]. ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the U.S. 2016 Online Edition. Ed. ProQuest, 2016. Web: ProQuest Statistical Abstract, 16 November 2018, https://statabs-proquest-com.libproxy.pcc.edu/sa/docview.html?table-no=20acc-no=C7095-1.1year=2016z=BE3F5C5757C44E23359C8BACB85183204E7A6610 Burns, Peter, and James G. Gimpel. â€Å"Economic Insecurity, Prejudicial Stereotypes, and Public Opinion on Immigration Policy.† Political Science Quarterly, vol. 115, no. 2, 2000, pp. 201–225., 16 November 2018. Carreras, Mercedes. 1974. â€Å"Los Mexicanos Que Devolvià ³ La Crisis : 1929-1932†. Secretarà ­a De Relaciones Exteriores, 7 November 2018. Citrin, Jack, et al. â€Å"Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations.† The Journal of Politics, vol. 59, no. 3, 1997, pp. 858–881., 9 November 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2998640 Dubuque, Ray, et al. â€Å"2016 US Presidential Election Map By County Vote Share.† Brilliant Maps, 29 Nov. 2016, 20 November 2018, brilliantmaps.com/2016-county-election-map/. Durand, Jorge, and Douglas S. Massey. â€Å"Mexican Migration to the United States: A Critical Review.† Latin American Research Review, vol. 27, no. 2, 1992, pp. 3–42. JSTOR, JSTOR, 16 November 2018, www.jstor.org/stable/2503748. Espenshade, Thomas J., and Katherine Hempstead. â€Å"Contemporary American Attitudes Toward U.S. Immigration.† International Migration Review, vol. 30, no. 2, 1996, p. 535., 17 November 18, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2547393 â€Å"Estimated Illegal Immigrant Population, by State, 2014.† Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends Project, Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends Project, 3 Nov. 2016, www.pewhispanic.org/interactives/unauthorized-immigrants/. Gimpel, James, and James Edwards. 1999. â€Å"The Congressional Politics of Immigration Reform†, Boston: Allyn Bacon. 17 November 2018. Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. â€Å"The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants.† American Journal of Political Science, vol. 59, no. 3, 2014, pp. 529–548., 9th November 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24583081 Hood, M. V., and Irwin L. Morris. â€Å"Give Us Your Tired, Your Poor, But Make Sure They Have a Green Card: The Effects of Documented and Undocumented Migrant Context on Anglo Opinion toward Immigration.† Political Behavior , Vol 20, 1 Mar. 1998, pp. 1–15., 16 November 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/586489 Huntington, Samuel P. Who Are We?: the Challenges to Americas National Identity. Simon Schuster, 2005. Kluegel, J. R.and Smith, Eliot R. , Affirmative Action Attitudes: Effects of Self-interest, Racial Affect, and Stratification Beliefs on Whites Views, Social Forces 61 (March 1983): 797-824, 17 November 2018. Krogstad, Jens Manuel, et al. â€Å"Hispanic/Latino Vote.† Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 9 Nov. 2018, 17 November 2018 www.pewresearch.org/topics/hispaniclatino-vote/. Kteily, Nour, and Emile Bruneau. â€Å"Backlash.† Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 43, no. 1, 2016, pp. 87–104., 7 November 2018, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167216675334 Make America Great Again! Donald J. Trump for President. 2016. Immigration Reform. 24 November 2018. https://www.donaldjtrump.com/positions/immigration-reform. Martin, Philip L. â€Å"Election of Donald Trump and Migration.† Viewpoint, Vol. 14, no. No. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 161–171. 9 November 2018. https://www.tplondon.com/journal/index.php/ml/ article/ view/846 Mastro, Dana, et al. â€Å"News Coverage of Immigration: The Influence of Exposure to Linguistic Bias in the News on Consumers Racial/Ethnic Cognitions.† Communication Quarterly, vol. 62, no. 2, 2014, pp. 135–154., 7 November 2018, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0261927X16666884 Morales, Lymari, â€Å"Amid Immigration Debate, Americans’ Views Ease Slightly,† Gallup, July 27, 2010. 17 November 2018, https://www.gallup.com/poll/141560/Amid-Immigration-Debate-Americans-Views-Ease-Slightly.aspx Ngai, Mae. â€Å"A Call for Sanctuary.† Dissent, vol. 64, no. 1, 2017, pp. 16–19., https://muse.jhu.edu/article/648391/summary Simon, R.J. and S.H. Alexander. â€Å"The Ambivalent Welcome: Print Media, Public Opinions and Immigration†, Westport, CT: Praeger. 1993. 17 November 2018 Sicremi. â€Å"Mexico Overview of the history of international migration in Mexico†, Organization of American States, 17 November 2018, https://www.migracionoea.org/index.php/en/sicremi-en/294-mexico-1-si-ntesis-histo-rica-de-las-migracio-n-internacional-en-me-xico-2.html Stepler, Renee, and Mark Hugo Lopez. â€Å"Ranking the Latino Population in the States.† Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends Project, Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends Project, 8 Sept. 2016, 10 November 2018, www.pewhispanic.org/2016/09/08/4-ranking-the-latino-population-in-the-states/. The American National Election Studies. 9 November 2018, www.electionstudies.org Tichenor, Daniel J. â€Å"The Politics of Immigration Reform in the United States, 1981-1990.† Polity, vol. 26, no. 3, 1994, pp. 333–362., doi:10.2307/3235150. Various Contributors, â€Å"2016 United States Presidential Election.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 10 November 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election. Winders, Jamie. â€Å"Immigration and the 2016 Election.† Southeastern Geographer, vol. 56, no. 3, 2016, pp. 291–296., doi:10.1353/sgo.2016.0034. https://www.questiaschool.com/read/1G1-469315465/immigration-and-the-2016-election

Same Sex Marriage - 1418 Words

Gay Couples Should Have the Same Rights As Married Couples Professor PHI 210 June 6, 2013 Same-sex marriage is a topic that has become increasingly more debatable throughout time. America has been said to be the â€Å"land of the free,† but when it comes to homosexual couples, it is far from that. If same-sex marriage was legalized, many positive outcomes could emerge from it; the society would be closer to equality, adoption would increase, gained social support for families would develop, and it would positively affect the economy and tax revenues. In 1993, the first national debate was made in regards to same-sex marriage, which occurred in Hawaii. According to the National Conference of State Legislature (2013), Hawaii†¦show more content†¦The second statement implies that individuals become who they are exposed to, which is a hasty generalization and there is no evidence to back that statement. Janice Langbehn was able to bring the importance of same sex couple benefits to the public eye. Janice Langbehn was denied access to visit her dying par tner in the hospital. Thereafter, President Obama apologized to Janice and informed her of the Presidential Memorandum that was previously signed, which is the extension of benefits to same-sex domestic partners. With that being said, same sex couples should be issued the same benefits as heterosexual couples. Same sex couples can also produce financial gain for both local and state governments because of the generation of tax revenue. This allows the economy to benefit from the legalization of same-sex marriage. According to Jerome Nathaniel (2012), since same-sex marriages were legalized in New York, anywhere from 7,200 to 8,200 gay couples have gotten married in the city; the marriages have brokered in 200,000 out-of-towners, $259 million in economic activity and $16 million in taxes. Even though same-sex marriage should be an equal right, the impact same-sex marriage will make on the economy is significant, which is more than enough reason to legalize it. I was able to conduct a survey in attempt to get into theShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage And Marriage948 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. I know that I am strongly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I vigorously believe that traditional marriage and parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and parenting are to me, issues of a society with strong traditional cultural identitiesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage754 Words   |  4 Pages 11/8/06 Argument Essay Same-Sex Marriage: Not a Match for Society Marriage, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is â€Å"the legal relationship into which a man and a woman enter with purpose of making a home and raising a family† (358).Although most people in the United States, including myself, agree on that definition, there are a select few who do not. Some feel same-sex marriage should be legalized; I disagree! I disagree because of its effects on children, its unnaturalness, and its religious immoralityRead Moreno to same-sex marriage!894 Words   |  4 Pageseverything builds up. I Corinthians 10:23 Against Same Sex Marriage - The Six Point Case Each of these six points against same sex marriage will be explained in detail in the following articles. Click on each link for more explanation. Natural marriage is the foundation of a civilized society. Homosexual behavior is inherently destructive. The law is a great teacher, and it encourages or discourages behavior. Government-backed same-sex marriage would encourage and normalize homosexual behaviorRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage 962 Words   |  4 Pagescaucasian because of laws passing interracial marriages around the 20th century due to Loving V. Virginia (Melina Patria). By the 1960s, the women’s rights movement was in full motion switching male and female roles drastically(Human right’s watch). The home may have no longer been spacious and big with the stock market crash of 1929(First Member Century). Its 2013 and there may be another possible alteration; same sex marriage. Even though same sex marriage may be a sensitive issue with people, as aRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1152 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† Submitted by: Ellicia Jiona Candelaria Submitted to: Mrs. Joan Bataclan ABSTRACT Biological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† This study describes the advantages and also the disadvantages of couples of the same sex being married. It aims to explore how it affects the society and most importantly the church. Same-sex marriage, popularly known as gay marriage, is a socially or legally reorganized wedlock between two persons of similarRead MoreSame Sex Marriage884 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage Is the definition of marriage being threatened in the United States? President Bill Clinton signed the federal Defense of Marriage Act into law on September 21, 1996. This Act defined marriage at the federal level as between a man and a woman. 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For instance, only through marriage do same sex couple s have the rights to their partnerRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1120 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage has been a topic on the rise throughout the U.S. It is what some of us may consider one of the more important topics of discussion for this time period. So far 17 states out of 50 have declared same sex marriage legal (States, 2013). Same sex marriage should be legal throughout the U.S. because same sex couples have a civil right to get married, along with a right to have access to the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and to be treated as equals without fear of discriminationRead MoreSame-sex Marriage604 Words   |  2 Pages in the media, same sex marriage has been widely discussed and debated. Some feel it should be legalized, while others believe that it is a sin and should remain illegal. Their are many pros and cons on both sides of this argument, however there are main points leading to why gay marriage should be legal. Legalizing gay marriage will not harm heterosexual marriages or family values, and society will continue to function normally. This is a true statement, because when two people getRead MoreThe Marriage Of Same Sex Marriage941 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, anxiety toward obviously pervasive same-sex unions reached a peak when the state passed a law promising punishment to anyone entering a same-sex marriage. Today, romantic love between same-sex couples remains largely opposed to the political norm in modern-day America, but American tradition provides for some freedom for praiseworthy and devoted same-sex unions within communities, where the elders officially decide what constitutes an acceptable marriage. The idea has precedence in Scandinavia

Residuary Power Art.248 - 9736 Words

TITLE â€Å"A shift from traditional parliamentary legislation to judicial legislation with reference to Residuary Power† INTRODUCTION The topic for research is, â€Å"A shift from traditional parliamentary legislation to judicial legislation with reference to Residuary Power† To which the statement of object and reasons are as follows: U.S.A is regarded as the example of true federation, whereas India has followed the Canadian model of federation and is regarded as the example of loose federation. In the words of D.D.Basu, the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor unitary, but is a combination of both. It is a union or a composite of a novel type. It is often defined to be quasi-federal in nature. Under Indian Constitution seventh†¦show more content†¦Indian Constitution only lay down the provision as to residuary power of the parliament and not of the judiciary. But through various landmark judgments it can be analyzed that judiciary also has important role in law making process in residuary matters through giving guidelines in various judgment. RESEARCHABLE QUESTION * Whether vesting of residuary power with parliament is justifies the federal character of Indian Constitution? * How the concept of residuary power differs in countries like India, U.S.A, Australia and Canada? * Whether there has been shift from parliamentary legislation to judicial legislation with respect to residuary power? SCOPE Distribution of power is one of the important features of Federalism. Under Indian Constitution powers are distributed amongst the union and the state as per the seventh schedule as in: * Union List * State List * Concurrent List The three different lists in seventh schedule are exhaustive in nature. Entry 97 of list I along with Article 248 deals with the concept of residuary power. According to which power to makes laws on the subjects not enumerated in any of the three lists mentioned in seventh schedule vest with the parliament. The scope of residuary power is very wide and

Shes Dating the Gangster - 149221 Words

She s Dating the Gangster - Credits to the Author [Chapter 1] You wanna know a secret? Ok ok.. He s not my first love and I m NOT his first love. Definitely not. So what is it that made me love and cling to him this much? Well, he s irritating, loud, and he s not sweet! He s weird, he smokes, he drinks, he goes clubbing on a weekday, and he fights and bullies a lot. Take note, A LOT. He is very moody and a bit blunt. Oh yeah, he even threatened to kill me. -- for short, HE IS A GANGSTER. NO he s not a criminal, a mobster, a hoodlum or a thug. I have my own definition of a gangster you know.. I kind of pushed all of his bad traits. OK FINE. I m sorry. He s nice (at times), he lets me feel that I m extra†¦show more content†¦Nakapag enroll na rin naman tayo eh, kaya ok na yun. Hassle kasi, bakit ba kasi nila nalaman yung tungkol satin. Nakakaasar kasi yung mga ingitera eh.! Pabayaan mo na, nakuha naman natin yung half nung tuition fee eh, so pwede na yun. After our cheap thrill, we went home. Oh yeah. I haven t introduced myself yet I m Athena Dizon, 17 years old, was born here in the Philippines, stayed here for 2 years then went to Korea. I grew up in Korea, I lived there for almost 10 years. I stayed in the States with Sara for 3 years then went back to Korea just to ask our parents permission to allow us live in the Philippines. I m a pure Filipino. I have a 20 y/o half-brother his name is Sang Min but his English name is Nathan. He s half-Filipino half-Korean. We can both speak Tagalog. My dad told me that my mom died because of a heart failure or something like that. Oh well. My step mom treated me well. She s like a real mom to me. She loves me more than Nathan oppa! ^____^ Sara Jung is my best friend. She s a 50% Filipino, 25% Korean and 25% Japanese, am I right? I suck in math. Sorry. Her mom and my dad were best friends since pre-school. Basically they re like us, me and Sara. 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The First Major Area Of Issues Lies With The Legislative...

The next major area of issues lies with the Legislative Branch. The Legislative branch is the ranch of government that crafts new laws and amendments as well as ensuring the voice of the people is expressed. Under Article I. of the original Constitution,† All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives†¦The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States†¦ The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote†¦ The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Mone y on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, †¦ To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress ofShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of A New Constitution Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pageshave been several serious and divisive issues that have arisen that affect our way of life. 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Each state has their own separate state govt. If a state wants to bring a law under action it has to be sanctioned by the central government. In theRead MoreShould We Still Have States? Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesstates and the Federal Government has also changed as the result of several key court decisions and will likely continue to change as opinions on responsibilities of government and interpretations of the Constitution change. States will always have a major role in establishing laws, providing public services, and making economic decisions that are most appropriate for their constituents. Sates will also continue to be a check and balance against a too-powerful centralized government. The communication

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No PSYCHOLOGY REVISION- MRS DAWSON Models of addiction There are different models of addiction, these are the biological model, the cognitive model and the social learning model. Initiation – this refers to the process where individuals start to become addictive Maintance – this is the process whereby people continue to behave addictively even in the face of adverse consequences Relapse – this is the process whereby individuals who have managed to give their addictive habit start to show signs and symptoms of the behaviour again. BIOLOGICAL MODEL They say that it is an illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Add Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Addiction is an illness therefore the problem is within the person. Because it is an illness, it can be cured. We are born with something and that something is triggered off. More likely to be addicted to it. If a person quits their addiction, a biological predisposition makes relapse more likely. The role of dopamine in addiction Initiation- Research shows addiction always stimulates the reward circuit in the brain. Rewarding experiences triggers the release of dopamine and effectively tell the brain to ‘do it again’. Maintance – Drugs eventually result in a reduction in the activity of positive reward circuits in the brain. The negative state then become in dominant driving force in the drug calling. The individual doesn’t take the drug for pleasure, but takes it to avoid unpleasement. Because of this, they need more of the drug. Relapse – Eventually the desire for the drug may assume more importance than more other desires. The frontal cortex has become less effective at making decisions and judging the consequences of action. Imminent reward that forces the addict to take the drugs. The endogenous opiod system This is a type of addiction. It also includes the brain. Transmitters in the brain include enkeohain and the endorphins. They are activated in pleasure. Naltexrexone – this is an alcohol treatment, which prevents opiod receptors, and this also prevents effects of alcohol. Neurodaptation KOCH AND LE MOAL says drugs dependence is to do with neuroadptations. They state that psychoactive drug’s change the brains wiring. If stopped, the changes are no longer needed and causes disruption. Genetics Good way to research this is to study twins. Family studies then to illustrate environmental factors in the development of addiction as well. Need to see if it is environmental or genetic. Agravel Lynsky 2006 – genetic influence with heritability estimates ranging between 45% -gt; 79% Kender et all (1998) – 1934 female twins. Drug addiction was mainly due to genetic factor. Blum et al (1991) – addictive off springs had the A1 gene showed that they had fewer dopamine receptors. Those who have these gens are more likely to be addicted to drugs which will produce more dopamine. But this could be because they have fewer dopamine. EVAULATION OF BIOLOGICAL MODEL X range is too wide X animals are not humans so cant verify. v explains why some people are addicted X BUT sometimes it depends on the environment X neurotransmitters have complex effects. Not fully understood X neglects social situations X too reductionalist – US soldiers took drugs while they were away but once they were home they didn’t. X some people may be experimenters ? chicken or the egg X very correlation. Can’t connect them in a cause and effect way. X need more research in to it X people may indulge but not addicted X animal studies LEARNING THEORY OF ADDICTION Acquires habits, which are learnt according to the principles of SLT. Things can be unlearned. There are different degrees of addiction. Bandura – Bobo doll Children learnt via observation Some one who is reinforced (operant) their behaviour is more likely yo be limited Vicarious reinforcement – reinforcement received indirectly by observing someone else and being reinforced Imitating someone we admire Cognitive labelling model An alcoholic walks pass a pub. The cue, associated with the drinking gives a psychological response and actives a memory of drinking. The sign of a high heart rate tells the person they need a drink. Outcome expectancy model Someone who has an addictive behaviour, when they are confronted with a cue for the drug, it might trigger thoughts of excitement and would do it again Classical conditioning Addictive behaviour is also seen as being explained by classical conditioning. Drug abuse became associated with certain environmental factors until these factors alone produce a high. Intuition, maintance and relapse are due to learning experiences involving environmental. The cue-reacting theory Carter and Tiffany (1999) – addicts associates things, which were similar to their addiction. Explained via classical conditioning. The cues become able to elite conditioning responses even in the absence of the action smoking or gambling behaviour. Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Pleasant consequences Negative reinforcement Something unpleasant (likely to be repeated) Punishment Unpleasant consequences. Less likely to be repeated. Addicts change their behaviour in response to rewards and punishment. Bring about change in mood and material changes. Skinner – worked with animals. Greater behaviour changes when he gave less reinforcement or when they are unpredictable. Can explain why gamblers may get addicted. They are not winning all the time, makes compulsion strange. Learning Model Initiation – initial rewards shapes future behaviour Maintance – continues rewards reinforce and maintain behaviour Relapse – person giving up, relapse might be less likely if they have ‘relearnt’ the addictive behaviour all individuals are equally suspicious EVAULATION X animals X learning theories are reductionalists v can explain differences COGNITIVE MODEL OF ADDICTION Cognitive is thinking. This emphasises the habitual ways people deal with life events may lead to addicitive behabviour. A person can rely on drugs or even gambling as a way of coping with life’s problems. But these may create more problems than causes. Beck et al ‘the vicious cycle’ Low mood -;gt; using smoking/ gambling -;gt; finacial, medical or social problem -;gt; the cycle continues Low mood can be relieved by addictive behaviour. Addiction can lead to problems. These problems lead to low mood. The cycle begins again. Coping : self mediciation model Initation – indivduals uses the addicitive behaviour to copy with stress/psycholoigcal problems. It is not choosen at random, it has been selected to help with a particular problem. Helps fulfil the 3 main functions – mood regulation – performance management – distraction Maintance and relapse – many smaller mention stress relief as a major reason why they keep to their habit Self efficacy theory BANDORA – This refers to one being organised and control any actions required to meet particular goal. This plays an important part in whether or not a person will start to engage in addicitive behaviour (initation). Whether they believe they can do anything about it once established (maintance and relaspe) FAULTY THINKING – Addicters lie to themselves because they think that it may bring them luck. But not all things are luck but people believe that whhat they are doing is correct. EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE MODEL Strenghts. – v cognitive explanations help explain individuals differences. Not everyone is addicitive X relative success of cognitive treatment of addicition support there is some cognitive basis Weaknessess – X publication bias – studies show a link between positive expectations and drinking behaviour. But not all studies are publlished so we get an unrepresentative view EXPLANATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ADDICTIONS Smoking – Smoking produces a phsyical addicition to nicotine, influencing dopamine production and the brain reward system. The WHO (world health organisations) estimates there are 1. billion smokers worldwide and they smoke 6 trilliopn cigarettes a year. Bad for you Smoking leads to high blood pressure, heart disease, lung disease, cancer and strokes. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to have premature babies. The fact peoe still smoke knowing the facts shows how addicitve it is. Nicotine There are about 3000 chemi cal components in cigarette smoke but nicotime is the addicitve chemical. HILTS (1994) compared nicotine with heroin, cocaine, alcohol,m caffeine and cannabis. He ranked nicotine lowest in terms of effect but highest in terms of dependence. Smokers why try to give up have a relapse rate of 70%. Quickly Addictive DIFRANZA (2007) found teenage smokers had strong craving cigarettes two days after staring, suggesting how quickly people became addicted. Reasons to smoke – biological model Nicotine in cigarettes is seen as affecting production of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, producing a reward effect. Genetics have more vulnerabilty to smoking addicition. SHIELDS (1992) looked at 42 twins pairs who had been reared apart. Only 9 wre discordant for smoking (one was and was a non smoker, which suggests that genes may play a part) Social Factors Most people start smoking in their childhood or adolescence. Operant conditioning does not explain this because the first few cigarettes taste horrible. So OC says that they get rewards from peers. Social Learning Theory Children copy their role models because they think it is all right to smoke. Parents But one main influence is the parents. LADER AND MATHESON (1991) said if parents smoked, children were twice as likely to smoke. Cognitive model The cognitive model suggests that teenagers have strategies for not smoking even when pressurised by peers. But there was a group who were ready to smoke (MITCHELL and WEST 1996) Individual differences In a US study, it suggests strong links between smoking and poor school records, low self-esteem no sport, and other illegal drug taking. Cognitive factors Smokers are seen as possessing irrational thoughts for instance that smoking improves cognitive functionoing or calm nerves. Such dysfunctional ideas can be self-fulfilling AO2 The fact that biological therapies help people quit supports the biological theory. Many people quit nicotine replacements suggesting social and cognitive factors. Supporting evidence NIDA (2005) found that 90% of American smokers started as teenagers, mainly as a result of copying peers, suggesting SLT as a cause of initiation of smoking. A recent Canadian study (Khaled 2005) found that there was a link between depression and nicotine where depression was higher in smokers and even higher in smokers who wanted to give up. PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS Need to meet 5/10 to be problem gamblers. More than 5, you are a pathological gambler. 1/ preoccupation with gambling 2/ need to gamble with increasing amount of money in order to achieve the desired excitement 3/ repeated unsuccessful efforts to control/out back or stop gambling. / restlessness or irritability when trying to out down on gambling. 5/ use of gambling as means of escaping from problems or relieving dysphonic mood. 6/ return to gambling even after losing money, in the hope of winning it back 7/ lying to family members, therapists or others to conceal the extent of gambling 8/ committing illegal acts such as fo rgery, fraud or theft to financial gambling 9/ jeopardising or losing significant relationships/jobs/educational opportunist as a result of gambling 10/ reliance on others to produce money to relieve a desperate situation caused by gambling Getting a ‘high’ One of the motivators is the ‘high’ they experience when they are close to winning. Raised levels of dopamine and noradrenalin have been found in people after episodes of gambling and in serious gamblers. These neurochemicals can be raised with the thought of gambling. Biological Stopping gambling seems to result in the same kind of withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping drugs. ROSENTHAL ET AL (1992) found that over 60% of pathology gamblers, reported physical withdraw and these could be compared with withdrawal of drugs. A number of studies have shown a link between potential brain abnormalities. It is linked between front lobe dysfunction and problem gambling (CAVEAINI ET AL 2002) Genetics There is evidence from studies that gambling could be inherited. Results of a twin study from SHAH (2005) found evidence of genetic transmission of gambling in men. Behavioural/sociocultural factors You are more likely to gamble if you are near a gambling area Alcohol It has been suggested that drinking increasing gambling, particularly in problem gambling. Young, game-machine gamblers stay on the machine longer when drinking. (POLS ET AL 1991). However, regular casino gamblers drink less when they are gambling. Behavioural SLT says that people copy from others. Operant says that people do it for rewards and getting high. Classical says that people associate the winning with the pleasure. Cognitive ZUCKERMAN (1979) claimed there are individual differences in the need for sensation seeking. They look for varied and new experiences. They have a low appreciation of risk and look forward to the ‘buzz’ more than low sensation seeks. Vulnerability of addiction Self esteem Teenagers are more likely to be linked with low self esteem and have addictive behaviours. Higher rates of depression and suicide – DEVERENSKY 2003 LEVY 2009 – low self esteem increase the chances of developing addiction. Genetic vulnerability. Several factors might be required have an addiction. AO2 – Cause and effect – addiction because of low self esteem or low self esteem causes addiction. GREENBERG ET AL (1999) found that in a sample of 129-addiction student, none had issues with low self esteem. Psychological therapies based on realizing self esteem levels in addicts may stop them relapsing. Attributions Explanations people give for their own behaviour. Cognitive behaviour can play a part in addictive behaviour. MOORE ET AL (1999) says that young male problem gamblers sometimes have unrealistic ideas about their chances of winning and of their ability to make things happen. People with addictive behaviour often have poor self efficacy (blame the outside world) and an external locus of control. They don’t blame their selves. SENEVITNE ET AL (2000) used a questionnaire and 70 alcoholics. The found that alcoholics saw other relapse because they have poor will power while their own relapsed were beyond their control and not their fault. AO2 May have more to do with responsibility of the addict. Therapies focus on positive beliefs on the addicts own power can lead to better success rates. Fast successful quitters in clinics often relapse on the outside as they blame outside cues to starting again. Personality EYSENCH (1997) – psychological resource model which has 3 dimensions which are inherited P (psychoticism) Aggressive, coldness, impulsivity and egocentricity N (neuroticism) Moodiness, imitabilty and anxiety E (extraversion) Optimums, liveliness and sociability There is little evidence to support a link between E and drug dependence. N and P have links with addiction to heroin, alcohol and nicotine. There is a correlation between alcohol addiction and anti social personalities. Gender Men are more likely to gamble because they are more competitive. Recent evidence has shown that there is an increase of women gamblers. With females, they are more likely to be addicted to smoking because of the risks of the consequences. (FOX 1994) However, in gambling more boys are regular gamblers than girls. JACOBS 2001 says boys start gambling earlier, spend more money and enjoy competitive skill based games. Social context Social context can influence vulnerability to dependency in many ways. Parents can be influenced through their own names to addictive behaviours. Drinking and to a lesser extent, smoking are not seen as sociability acceptable behaviours. CICCHETTIC 1999 states getting drunk and being anti-social can lead to drug abuse as can being depressed or anxious as a teenager. WAGNER ET AL 2002 found cannabis users were more likely to take cocaine so the social context can act as a ‘gateway’ to harder drugs. AO2 LESHNER 1998 believes that treatment must include social context otherwise if cue addict returns to the same social context, they will relapse. KUENTZEL 2008 found that pathological gambler give socially acceptable answers in self reports, playing down their addiction, suggesting data could be invalid. Family influence Teenagers copied off other – SLT. It also shows that a liberal attitude to drugs, poor bonding and dysfunctional relationship can lead to addictive behaviour. Parents are unconcerned about their children. Sociocultural background HALL 1990 found people in lower socio economic backgrounds were more likely to take drugs. Poor education + live in areas = high crime VITARA (2001) linked between alcohol abuse and problem gambling particularly in males. The role of media in addictive behaviour The media has influence on addictive behaviour. Advertising This can be used to encourage sales of alcoholic drinks and the lottery etc. or by the government to start anti-smoking campaigns etc. Alcohol and cigarettes CHAPMAN ET ALL 1982 found underage smokers preferred the more adverting brands. ATKIN ET AL 1984 found that 12-17 years old who had watched more adverts on drinking alcohol were more likely to approve of underage drinking. Banned on advert for cigarettes Cigarettes’ adverting is now banned in the UK as evidence as shown people are influenced by the advert they see. Role models Alcohol seems acceptable because of TV and films. SLT suggests we learn what we see which means TV characterises may influence the audience. Smokers, gamblers or drinkers as long as they are ‘loveable rogues’ could be seen as role models. CHARLTON 1986 seeing adverts made children associate smoking with looking grown up GUNSEKA 2005 found that drug taking in films to be portrayed in positive fashion with little reference to negative outcomes. AO2 Media can be positive influence on addictive behaviour. Media create moral panics which would stop addicts. The impact of media on addictive behaviour is hard to assess as research is correlation so don’t know what other variables are in place. Models of prevention of addiction Addiction = bad for a person and society Behaviour can stem from biological behaviour and cognitive factors with the addictive behaviour/addiction. It is in our interest to help prevent them before they even being or help to stop someone intending to begin an addiction TRA – THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION AJZEN AND FISHBEIN 1975 There are three general components, attitude, subjective norms and behavioural intention. This theory states the factors that are involved when people decide on their actions. People behave based on their attitudes of the behaviour and the interaction of what others will think of their behaviour. Essentially this model believes that if you have an intention to engage in a behaviour it can predict that you make a decision to carry out the behaviour. CRANO ET ALL 2008 used TRA to estimate teenager’s vulnerability to inhalant abuse, by assessing intention to use or avoid drug taking and actual behaviour. The model was found to be accurate as a predictive toll and thus useful in helping addicts to abstain. AO2 of TRA Critics see TRA as deficient in explaining behaviour of those who have little control over their behaviour, such as addicts. TRA does not consider personality and cultural factors or demographics that shape addictive behaviour. Addicts are often aware of their behaviour and that it is not rational but they cannot help their addiction. THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR – TPB TRA was modified to produce TPB, adding a new component, the influence of perceived control. The theory of planned behaviour ‘perceived control’ – this is similar to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy. According to TPB behavioural intentions are the outcome of the following beliefs. Attitude this can be a positive or negative evaluation of behaviour combined with beliefs about the outcome (e. g giving up smoking will be hard but will improve health). Subjective norms, perception if social norms ‘my friends will approve of my attempt to give up smoking’. Perceived Behaviour Control: a belief that someone can give up. AO2 of TPB The model assumes behaviours are conscious reasoned and planned, which may not be the case with addicts. As with TRA, TPB often used questionnaires to gather data, which can have issues with self report and social desirability. Most research is western countries cultural bias as individuals might not be as important in eastern cultures. Types of intervention Stages of changes model PROCHASHA AND DICLEMENTE said there were 5 stages that have to be overcome to beat addiction Pre-contemplation – before you start thinking about quitting the addiction. Contemplation – when you start to quit your addiction. Preparation – seek methods to stop addiction. Action – is starting the stopping to the addiction Maintance. People sometimes switch backwards and forwards and this is called ‘the revolving door phenomenon’. People in the preparation stage were more likely to attempt to give up an addiction than those in the contemplation stage. Psychological interventions Aversion therapy Contingency contracting Cue exposure self management technique Aversion therapy Punishment rather than reward. Been used to break smoking and alcohol addiction. Electric shocks every time the individual took addiction but was not successful. The addicts have been given a drug called Antabuse, when they drink alcohol, they are sick. They will link between the two. LANG AND MARLETT – TWO LIMITATIONS X not everyone was willing to take the drug. X doesn’t explain why they become addicted to the behaviour. With smoking, therapy was successful. Had to puff every 6 seconds, made the individual feel ill and nausea, assisted the two – SPIEGLAR AND GUEVREMONT. However, not been consistent across studies and a higher risk associated with this treatment for people who have heart problems. Didn’t focus on the act of smoking rather than causing the underlying addiction. Contingency contracting Individual to identify the environmental factors that are associated with smoking/drinking. The therapist aim to gradually expose the client to different cues and helps them to develop coping strategies to deal with the cues without resorting to smoking/drinking. Reduces the patients physical dependence on alcohol. but it does not teach them to deal with cues when they return to every day life. Cue exposure Addictive behaviour are often caused in the pressure of various stimuli. Cue exposure involves presenting the cue to the individual and helping them t control their reaction to it. In this way the response of ‘smoking’ in the pressure of alcohol fades away or exiting wishes. This is thought to be more effective than simply trying to avoid the cues. For example more drinking. Self-management technique This involves a variety of behavioural techniques. The individual is usually monitored by a therapist. The individual is asked to keep a daily record of their addictive habits and the changes to try and become aware of the things that make them become addictive. The individual should question the effects of the addiction. HALL ET ALL said that techniques can be used as a broader treatment programme, but they do not seem to be particularly effective on their own. EVAUALTION While these behaviours based can be effective, they all share the problem that they do not really address the underlying reason why people have become addictive in the first place. Often short term With all therapies for addiction, they work better if they are mixed with other therapies based on other treatment. Different ways/treatment to smoking/drinking/drugs Biological interventions have been widely used to help people give up on smoking. There have been different way of tackling with people’s smoking addiction. There are different types of treatment†¦ Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) This type of treatment involves nicotine gum, patches and nasal spray and others. These are effect because they help smokers stop their addiction in several ways. While the smoker take one of these replacement therapies, they are helping to withdraw the symptoms of smoking. These have also shown that these can have positive reinforcement with the person who is trying to give up. this meaning that the person is more likely to not do it again because they have something to distract them from the actual smoking. With this the client will used varies of different formulations and will slowly used smaller formulations as gum. Even though the client will have an urge to have a cigarettes, there are other ways to come about this. Nicotine patches help because they gradually emit nicotine throughout the day. If the client has a cigarette during the treatment, they are more likely to not repeat this again because the cigarette will be less satisfying. Bupropion Another way of helping with the addiction of smoking is bupropion. This drug works by increasing the brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, this simulates the effects of nicotine of these neurotransmitters. This is an effect treatment because it helped to block out the nicotine receptors. This means that the client is less likely that the client will relapse and have a cigarette. It has also bee proven my psychologists WATTS that it is successful. Varenicline This type of drug released dopamine in the brain. It also blocks effects of any nicotine added to the system. Trials have found that varenicline is superior to bupropion in helping people to stop smoking. Also it has helped smokers reduce the amount of cigarettes they have after a 12-week trial. Nicotine vaccines This is a new clinical trial, which is still undergoing at the moment. The type of trial is trying to help produce anti-bodies to the nicotine. The anti-bodies bind the nicotine so it takes longer to go to the brain. This therefore reduces the effect of the cigarettes smoke. EVALUTION Nicotine replacement therapy delivers nicotine into the bloodstream much more slowly than cigarette smokers does. But then it doesn’t satisfy the smoker completely ad maybe the client will give up on the therapy and relapse. Other research has shown that it’s the nicotine rather than other components that underlines the addiction and this maintains the cigarettes smoking. This therefore doesn’t rid the client the nicotine addiction. There also have been issues with health and safety with the nicotine. Some research has shown that it could cause cardiovascular, cancer, reproductive disorders and delayed wound healing. Because the body is still being supplied with nicotine, this could increase heart rate, coronary blood vessels and temporarily increase bloody pressure. There are quite a few side effects to take just nicotine and because of this, it is advised not to take it during pregnancy but then again it is safer to take nicotine than to smoke in pregnancy. How to cite Add Media, Papers