Same Sex Marriage - 1418 Words

Gay Couples Should Have the Same Rights As Married Couples Professor PHI 210 June 6, 2013 Same-sex marriage is a topic that has become increasingly more debatable throughout time. America has been said to be the â€Å"land of the free,† but when it comes to homosexual couples, it is far from that. If same-sex marriage was legalized, many positive outcomes could emerge from it; the society would be closer to equality, adoption would increase, gained social support for families would develop, and it would positively affect the economy and tax revenues. In 1993, the first national debate was made in regards to same-sex marriage, which occurred in Hawaii. According to the National Conference of State Legislature (2013), Hawaii†¦show more content†¦The second statement implies that individuals become who they are exposed to, which is a hasty generalization and there is no evidence to back that statement. Janice Langbehn was able to bring the importance of same sex couple benefits to the public eye. Janice Langbehn was denied access to visit her dying par tner in the hospital. Thereafter, President Obama apologized to Janice and informed her of the Presidential Memorandum that was previously signed, which is the extension of benefits to same-sex domestic partners. With that being said, same sex couples should be issued the same benefits as heterosexual couples. Same sex couples can also produce financial gain for both local and state governments because of the generation of tax revenue. This allows the economy to benefit from the legalization of same-sex marriage. According to Jerome Nathaniel (2012), since same-sex marriages were legalized in New York, anywhere from 7,200 to 8,200 gay couples have gotten married in the city; the marriages have brokered in 200,000 out-of-towners, $259 million in economic activity and $16 million in taxes. Even though same-sex marriage should be an equal right, the impact same-sex marriage will make on the economy is significant, which is more than enough reason to legalize it. I was able to conduct a survey in attempt to get into theShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage And Marriage948 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. I know that I am strongly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I vigorously believe that traditional marriage and parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and parenting are to me, issues of a society with strong traditional cultural identitiesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage754 Words   |  4 Pages 11/8/06 Argument Essay Same-Sex Marriage: Not a Match for Society Marriage, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is â€Å"the legal relationship into which a man and a woman enter with purpose of making a home and raising a family† (358).Although most people in the United States, including myself, agree on that definition, there are a select few who do not. Some feel same-sex marriage should be legalized; I disagree! I disagree because of its effects on children, its unnaturalness, and its religious immoralityRead Moreno to same-sex marriage!894 Words   |  4 Pageseverything builds up. I Corinthians 10:23 Against Same Sex Marriage - The Six Point Case Each of these six points against same sex marriage will be explained in detail in the following articles. Click on each link for more explanation. Natural marriage is the foundation of a civilized society. Homosexual behavior is inherently destructive. The law is a great teacher, and it encourages or discourages behavior. Government-backed same-sex marriage would encourage and normalize homosexual behaviorRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage 962 Words   |  4 Pagescaucasian because of laws passing interracial marriages around the 20th century due to Loving V. Virginia (Melina Patria). By the 1960s, the women’s rights movement was in full motion switching male and female roles drastically(Human right’s watch). The home may have no longer been spacious and big with the stock market crash of 1929(First Member Century). Its 2013 and there may be another possible alteration; same sex marriage. Even though same sex marriage may be a sensitive issue with people, as aRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1152 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† Submitted by: Ellicia Jiona Candelaria Submitted to: Mrs. Joan Bataclan ABSTRACT Biological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† This study describes the advantages and also the disadvantages of couples of the same sex being married. It aims to explore how it affects the society and most importantly the church. Same-sex marriage, popularly known as gay marriage, is a socially or legally reorganized wedlock between two persons of similarRead MoreSame Sex Marriage884 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage Is the definition of marriage being threatened in the United States? President Bill Clinton signed the federal Defense of Marriage Act into law on September 21, 1996. This Act defined marriage at the federal level as between a man and a woman. The federal DOMA statute ensured that no state would be forced to recognize gay marriages performed in other states and prevented same-sex couples from receiving federal protections and benefits given to married heterosexual couples. OnRead MoreSame Sex Marriage990 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of gay marriage argue around the concept of equality in America. Our country is said to be found on the principle that all men are created equal, so that make it hypocritical to deny the rights of homosexuals, as it was hypocritical to deny freedom to African Americans or to prohibit women s suffrage. Supporters also believe that Gays should be allows the same benefits as regular married couples. For instance, only through marriage do same sex couple s have the rights to their partnerRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1120 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage has been a topic on the rise throughout the U.S. It is what some of us may consider one of the more important topics of discussion for this time period. So far 17 states out of 50 have declared same sex marriage legal (States, 2013). Same sex marriage should be legal throughout the U.S. because same sex couples have a civil right to get married, along with a right to have access to the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and to be treated as equals without fear of discriminationRead MoreSame-sex Marriage604 Words   |  2 Pages in the media, same sex marriage has been widely discussed and debated. Some feel it should be legalized, while others believe that it is a sin and should remain illegal. Their are many pros and cons on both sides of this argument, however there are main points leading to why gay marriage should be legal. Legalizing gay marriage will not harm heterosexual marriages or family values, and society will continue to function normally. This is a true statement, because when two people getRead MoreThe Marriage Of Same Sex Marriage941 Words   |  4 Pagesyears, anxiety toward obviously pervasive same-sex unions reached a peak when the state passed a law promising punishment to anyone entering a same-sex marriage. Today, romantic love between same-sex couples remains largely opposed to the political norm in modern-day America, but American tradition provides for some freedom for praiseworthy and devoted same-sex unions within communities, where the elders officially decide what constitutes an acceptable marriage. The idea has precedence in Scandinavia

Residuary Power Art.248 - 9736 Words

TITLE â€Å"A shift from traditional parliamentary legislation to judicial legislation with reference to Residuary Power† INTRODUCTION The topic for research is, â€Å"A shift from traditional parliamentary legislation to judicial legislation with reference to Residuary Power† To which the statement of object and reasons are as follows: U.S.A is regarded as the example of true federation, whereas India has followed the Canadian model of federation and is regarded as the example of loose federation. In the words of D.D.Basu, the Constitution of India is neither purely federal nor unitary, but is a combination of both. It is a union or a composite of a novel type. It is often defined to be quasi-federal in nature. Under Indian Constitution seventh†¦show more content†¦Indian Constitution only lay down the provision as to residuary power of the parliament and not of the judiciary. But through various landmark judgments it can be analyzed that judiciary also has important role in law making process in residuary matters through giving guidelines in various judgment. RESEARCHABLE QUESTION * Whether vesting of residuary power with parliament is justifies the federal character of Indian Constitution? * How the concept of residuary power differs in countries like India, U.S.A, Australia and Canada? * Whether there has been shift from parliamentary legislation to judicial legislation with respect to residuary power? SCOPE Distribution of power is one of the important features of Federalism. Under Indian Constitution powers are distributed amongst the union and the state as per the seventh schedule as in: * Union List * State List * Concurrent List The three different lists in seventh schedule are exhaustive in nature. Entry 97 of list I along with Article 248 deals with the concept of residuary power. According to which power to makes laws on the subjects not enumerated in any of the three lists mentioned in seventh schedule vest with the parliament. The scope of residuary power is very wide and

Shes Dating the Gangster - 149221 Words

She s Dating the Gangster - Credits to the Author [Chapter 1] You wanna know a secret? Ok ok.. He s not my first love and I m NOT his first love. Definitely not. So what is it that made me love and cling to him this much? Well, he s irritating, loud, and he s not sweet! He s weird, he smokes, he drinks, he goes clubbing on a weekday, and he fights and bullies a lot. Take note, A LOT. He is very moody and a bit blunt. Oh yeah, he even threatened to kill me. -- for short, HE IS A GANGSTER. NO he s not a criminal, a mobster, a hoodlum or a thug. I have my own definition of a gangster you know.. I kind of pushed all of his bad traits. OK FINE. I m sorry. He s nice (at times), he lets me feel that I m extra†¦show more content†¦Nakapag enroll na rin naman tayo eh, kaya ok na yun. Hassle kasi, bakit ba kasi nila nalaman yung tungkol satin. Nakakaasar kasi yung mga ingitera eh.! Pabayaan mo na, nakuha naman natin yung half nung tuition fee eh, so pwede na yun. After our cheap thrill, we went home. Oh yeah. I haven t introduced myself yet I m Athena Dizon, 17 years old, was born here in the Philippines, stayed here for 2 years then went to Korea. I grew up in Korea, I lived there for almost 10 years. I stayed in the States with Sara for 3 years then went back to Korea just to ask our parents permission to allow us live in the Philippines. I m a pure Filipino. I have a 20 y/o half-brother his name is Sang Min but his English name is Nathan. He s half-Filipino half-Korean. We can both speak Tagalog. My dad told me that my mom died because of a heart failure or something like that. Oh well. My step mom treated me well. She s like a real mom to me. She loves me more than Nathan oppa! ^____^ Sara Jung is my best friend. She s a 50% Filipino, 25% Korean and 25% Japanese, am I right? I suck in math. Sorry. Her mom and my dad were best friends since pre-school. Basically they re like us, me and Sara. So now, we transferred to another school because of 5 reasons: FIRST that school sucks SECOND we got bored THIRD too many sl*uts FOURTH they found out about our secret FIFTH I think I ve said it all, so I mShow MoreRelatedShort Story1651 Words   |  7 Pagesseems to care. You see? This is nonsense! With all due respect BabCele, you have failed to uphold the agreement between our families. Its not up to us. Youre giving in to her. Shes out of control! Can we talk in private, Son? Trying to threaten Siphesihle wont work. Nothing we do will change her mind. Shes stubborn. Its up to you... to win her back and save your marriage. Its up to me? Youre her father, but you couldnt get through to her. - How will I do that? - Give her whatRead MoreCultural Appropriation : Chill.1476 Words   |  6 PagesMaisha Z. Johnson in her 2015 article titled â€Å" It’s Not Just Kylie: 7 Reasons Why White People Should Not Wear Black Hairstyles,† Johnson argues that â€Å"Until we correct that imbalance, then when Kylie Jenner wears cornrows, she’s acting on privilege and exploiting Black culture. She’s participating in a toxic norm that says Black people aren’t valuable, but our hair is cool – as long as white folks are wearing it. This issues is obviously still prevalent on the male side as well Writer Miranda Larbi assertsRead MoreThe Curse And The Doom Of The New World1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Diaz might write a personal fuku experience of himself or demonstrate his fuku story with a character. Chapter One 1. In the beginning of chapter one, Oscar is sweet popular little boy who was into girls, later on he was a womanizer who was dating two girls at the same time. One of the girls told Oscar to pick either her or the other girl. Oscar was very emotional to find out the girl he chose later broke with him and the girl he left was with a broken heart. As the years past, Oscar starterRead MoreSummary Of A Rush Of Tepid Air Blew 2278 Words   |  10 Pageschange the fact that she’s your mama; besides, you don t even know for sure that one of those skeletons recovered from that vehicle was your mother. You said yourself that the three skeletons recovered had what appeared to be gunshot wounds to the head- that sounds like a hit to me.† â€Å"Yeah; I know it does; and, I know that calling her Annaleigh won’t make it any easier†¦ And, you’re right about the skeletons too- it could have been hit. Back in the 30s there were plenty of gangster types around thisRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Essay3706 Words   |  15 PagesBelicia she gained the privilege to make decisions for her self. Until then she suffers the fukà º from her own actions. Moving through the generation fukà º strikes Belicia’s son Oscar after he made the decision to break one girl’s heart because he was dating two girls contemporaneously. In return he got his heart broken by the girl he chose to stay with and then everything went downhill for Oscar. Gaining weight, and casting every one away Oscar lost his popularity and became a pathetic nobody with suicidalRead MoreCybersex10501 Words   |  43 Pagesproblems with online or other sexual behavior. They may be using the internet as a way to explore s exuality in a way that normal life has not offered them. Examples of problematic users in the discovery group are people who compulsively visit adult dating sites in the hope of meeting a partner, while avoiding real life opportunities to meet people; or people who use the internet in an attempt to meet an underage partner for sex, despite no prior history of doing so. Group 4: Problematic Users -- PredisposedRead MoreAmerican Slang Essay 115481 Words   |  62 Pagescheating as a way to succeed academically is currying favor with a teacher or someone else in authority. A student who does this is said to bootlick, chin, coax, drag, fish, suck, or swipe.[13] The polite reserve noticed in the college slang dating from the 1850s and 1860s is barely broken at the turn of the century. The slang still contains few terms for drinking, women, or groups discriminated against in society at large. For example, only about a dozen terms refer to drinking alcohol and

The First Major Area Of Issues Lies With The Legislative...

The next major area of issues lies with the Legislative Branch. The Legislative branch is the ranch of government that crafts new laws and amendments as well as ensuring the voice of the people is expressed. Under Article I. of the original Constitution,† All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives†¦The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States†¦ The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote†¦ The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Mone y on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, †¦ To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress ofShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of A New Constitution Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pageshave been several serious and divisive issues that have arisen that affect our way of life. These issues have grown to great significance and threaten to undo all their authors have accomplished. Several notable complications with our current constitution are issues with the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of Government. In response, the class of BCPP-101 has been tasked with the writing of a new constitution to address the inadequacies and issues that we have perceived with our currentRead More Congress Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesproblems. People are not always satisfied with the length of time involved in passing a law as well as the deadlock Congress can experience on an issue. Another potential problem people see with Congress is representation. Not all Americans feel that they are equally represented. The Congress of the United States is viewed by many as the largest branch in government. Some people might even say it is the most important. This is due to the roles Congress pays in our government. Congress is responsibleRead MoreMy Health Policy Framework And The Affordable Care Act1235 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the entire system and the entire population (Williams, Torrens, 2007). For these reasons the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the first of its kind in American history, may change the way policy is implemented in the future. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the first policy to be implemented while breaking almost all of the old legislative rules about communication and public comment and consumption. Thesis This paper will critique both my health policy framework and the AffordableRead MoreModern Indi A Pluralistic, Multilingual, And Multi Ethnic Society2340 Words   |  10 Pageswas pleased with the direction the the East India Company was moving in. The new ‘British-style social reforms’ which included large increases in land taxes were among the issues that the population was unhappy about. In 1857, the East Indian Rebellion occurred. The East Indian Rebellion lasted approximately one year and issues were settled in 1858 resulting in the East India Company being dissolved. Consequently, India was now under the leadership and direction of the British government. The differenceRead MoreComparison Between Texas And New Mexico2091 Words   |  9 Pagespolitical views being neighboring states but that quickly diminishes when taking a closer look into their differences between political cultures, the state constitutions, and the branches of their government including legisla tive, executive, and judicial. The two states also differ in the issues that they face but they share many as well mainly due to their close proximity to the Mexican-American border. Texas is currently dominated by the Republican culture with a popular belief in conservatism that hasRead MoreThe Rise Of The Supreme Court3400 Words   |  14 Pagesconsistent disagreement with the legislative and executive branches. I. Establishing the Foundations for Sovereignty. With all new ideas and creations, the most critical component becomes gaining acceptance. The establishment of the Constitution and the Supreme Court was no different. The Court had a goal of creating a â€Å"more perfect† nation and all agreed upon that goal unanimously. The judges, however, had three major â€Å"role problems† as Robert McCloskey defines. The first was the establishment ofRead MoreThe Need for Congress in the U.S1756 Words   |  8 Pagesproblems. People are not always satisfied with the length of time involved in passing a law as well as the deadlock Congress can experience on an issue. Another potential problem people see with Congress is representation. Not all Americans feel that they are equally represented. The Congress of the United States is viewed by many as the largest branch in government. Some people might even say it is the most important. This is due to the roles Congress pays in our government. Congress is responsibleRead MoreEnvironmental, Political, Economical, And Cultural And Social Culture Of Morocco1603 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental, political, economical, and cultural and social Morocco is a country located in Northern Africa, boarding the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. It lies between Algeria and West Sahara and is slightly longer than California. The capital of Morocco is Rabat. The terrain includes mountainous northern coast and interior bordered by large plateaus with intermountain valleys, and fertile coastal plains. As of July 2016, the population is 33.6 million, with an annual growth rateRead MoreCentre-State Relations4014 Words   |  17 PagesCENTRE-STATE RELATIONS ISSUES IMPACTS Jaseer Jaffar IMK INTRODUCTION India is our country with its capital being New Delhi where the parliament of India is situated. It is through parliament all laws and bills are sanctioned. India is a vast country with 28 states and 7 union territories. Each state has their own separate state govt. If a state wants to bring a law under action it has to be sanctioned by the central government. In theRead MoreShould We Still Have States? Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesstates and the Federal Government has also changed as the result of several key court decisions and will likely continue to change as opinions on responsibilities of government and interpretations of the Constitution change. States will always have a major role in establishing laws, providing public services, and making economic decisions that are most appropriate for their constituents. Sates will also continue to be a check and balance against a too-powerful centralized government. The communication

Add Media Free Essays

No PSYCHOLOGY REVISION- MRS DAWSON Models of addiction There are different models of addiction, these are the biological model, the cognitive model and the social learning model. Initiation – this refers to the process where individuals start to become addictive Maintance – this is the process whereby people continue to behave addictively even in the face of adverse consequences Relapse – this is the process whereby individuals who have managed to give their addictive habit start to show signs and symptoms of the behaviour again. BIOLOGICAL MODEL They say that it is an illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Add Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now Addiction is an illness therefore the problem is within the person. Because it is an illness, it can be cured. We are born with something and that something is triggered off. More likely to be addicted to it. If a person quits their addiction, a biological predisposition makes relapse more likely. The role of dopamine in addiction Initiation- Research shows addiction always stimulates the reward circuit in the brain. Rewarding experiences triggers the release of dopamine and effectively tell the brain to ‘do it again’. Maintance – Drugs eventually result in a reduction in the activity of positive reward circuits in the brain. The negative state then become in dominant driving force in the drug calling. The individual doesn’t take the drug for pleasure, but takes it to avoid unpleasement. Because of this, they need more of the drug. Relapse – Eventually the desire for the drug may assume more importance than more other desires. The frontal cortex has become less effective at making decisions and judging the consequences of action. Imminent reward that forces the addict to take the drugs. The endogenous opiod system This is a type of addiction. It also includes the brain. Transmitters in the brain include enkeohain and the endorphins. They are activated in pleasure. Naltexrexone – this is an alcohol treatment, which prevents opiod receptors, and this also prevents effects of alcohol. Neurodaptation KOCH AND LE MOAL says drugs dependence is to do with neuroadptations. They state that psychoactive drug’s change the brains wiring. If stopped, the changes are no longer needed and causes disruption. Genetics Good way to research this is to study twins. Family studies then to illustrate environmental factors in the development of addiction as well. Need to see if it is environmental or genetic. Agravel Lynsky 2006 – genetic influence with heritability estimates ranging between 45% -gt; 79% Kender et all (1998) – 1934 female twins. Drug addiction was mainly due to genetic factor. Blum et al (1991) – addictive off springs had the A1 gene showed that they had fewer dopamine receptors. Those who have these gens are more likely to be addicted to drugs which will produce more dopamine. But this could be because they have fewer dopamine. EVAULATION OF BIOLOGICAL MODEL X range is too wide X animals are not humans so cant verify. v explains why some people are addicted X BUT sometimes it depends on the environment X neurotransmitters have complex effects. Not fully understood X neglects social situations X too reductionalist – US soldiers took drugs while they were away but once they were home they didn’t. X some people may be experimenters ? chicken or the egg X very correlation. Can’t connect them in a cause and effect way. X need more research in to it X people may indulge but not addicted X animal studies LEARNING THEORY OF ADDICTION Acquires habits, which are learnt according to the principles of SLT. Things can be unlearned. There are different degrees of addiction. Bandura – Bobo doll Children learnt via observation Some one who is reinforced (operant) their behaviour is more likely yo be limited Vicarious reinforcement – reinforcement received indirectly by observing someone else and being reinforced Imitating someone we admire Cognitive labelling model An alcoholic walks pass a pub. The cue, associated with the drinking gives a psychological response and actives a memory of drinking. The sign of a high heart rate tells the person they need a drink. Outcome expectancy model Someone who has an addictive behaviour, when they are confronted with a cue for the drug, it might trigger thoughts of excitement and would do it again Classical conditioning Addictive behaviour is also seen as being explained by classical conditioning. Drug abuse became associated with certain environmental factors until these factors alone produce a high. Intuition, maintance and relapse are due to learning experiences involving environmental. The cue-reacting theory Carter and Tiffany (1999) – addicts associates things, which were similar to their addiction. Explained via classical conditioning. The cues become able to elite conditioning responses even in the absence of the action smoking or gambling behaviour. Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement Pleasant consequences Negative reinforcement Something unpleasant (likely to be repeated) Punishment Unpleasant consequences. Less likely to be repeated. Addicts change their behaviour in response to rewards and punishment. Bring about change in mood and material changes. Skinner – worked with animals. Greater behaviour changes when he gave less reinforcement or when they are unpredictable. Can explain why gamblers may get addicted. They are not winning all the time, makes compulsion strange. Learning Model Initiation – initial rewards shapes future behaviour Maintance – continues rewards reinforce and maintain behaviour Relapse – person giving up, relapse might be less likely if they have ‘relearnt’ the addictive behaviour all individuals are equally suspicious EVAULATION X animals X learning theories are reductionalists v can explain differences COGNITIVE MODEL OF ADDICTION Cognitive is thinking. This emphasises the habitual ways people deal with life events may lead to addicitive behabviour. A person can rely on drugs or even gambling as a way of coping with life’s problems. But these may create more problems than causes. Beck et al ‘the vicious cycle’ Low mood -;gt; using smoking/ gambling -;gt; finacial, medical or social problem -;gt; the cycle continues Low mood can be relieved by addictive behaviour. Addiction can lead to problems. These problems lead to low mood. The cycle begins again. Coping : self mediciation model Initation – indivduals uses the addicitive behaviour to copy with stress/psycholoigcal problems. It is not choosen at random, it has been selected to help with a particular problem. Helps fulfil the 3 main functions – mood regulation – performance management – distraction Maintance and relapse – many smaller mention stress relief as a major reason why they keep to their habit Self efficacy theory BANDORA – This refers to one being organised and control any actions required to meet particular goal. This plays an important part in whether or not a person will start to engage in addicitive behaviour (initation). Whether they believe they can do anything about it once established (maintance and relaspe) FAULTY THINKING – Addicters lie to themselves because they think that it may bring them luck. But not all things are luck but people believe that whhat they are doing is correct. EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE MODEL Strenghts. – v cognitive explanations help explain individuals differences. Not everyone is addicitive X relative success of cognitive treatment of addicition support there is some cognitive basis Weaknessess – X publication bias – studies show a link between positive expectations and drinking behaviour. But not all studies are publlished so we get an unrepresentative view EXPLANATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ADDICTIONS Smoking – Smoking produces a phsyical addicition to nicotine, influencing dopamine production and the brain reward system. The WHO (world health organisations) estimates there are 1. billion smokers worldwide and they smoke 6 trilliopn cigarettes a year. Bad for you Smoking leads to high blood pressure, heart disease, lung disease, cancer and strokes. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to have premature babies. The fact peoe still smoke knowing the facts shows how addicitve it is. Nicotine There are about 3000 chemi cal components in cigarette smoke but nicotime is the addicitve chemical. HILTS (1994) compared nicotine with heroin, cocaine, alcohol,m caffeine and cannabis. He ranked nicotine lowest in terms of effect but highest in terms of dependence. Smokers why try to give up have a relapse rate of 70%. Quickly Addictive DIFRANZA (2007) found teenage smokers had strong craving cigarettes two days after staring, suggesting how quickly people became addicted. Reasons to smoke – biological model Nicotine in cigarettes is seen as affecting production of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, producing a reward effect. Genetics have more vulnerabilty to smoking addicition. SHIELDS (1992) looked at 42 twins pairs who had been reared apart. Only 9 wre discordant for smoking (one was and was a non smoker, which suggests that genes may play a part) Social Factors Most people start smoking in their childhood or adolescence. Operant conditioning does not explain this because the first few cigarettes taste horrible. So OC says that they get rewards from peers. Social Learning Theory Children copy their role models because they think it is all right to smoke. Parents But one main influence is the parents. LADER AND MATHESON (1991) said if parents smoked, children were twice as likely to smoke. Cognitive model The cognitive model suggests that teenagers have strategies for not smoking even when pressurised by peers. But there was a group who were ready to smoke (MITCHELL and WEST 1996) Individual differences In a US study, it suggests strong links between smoking and poor school records, low self-esteem no sport, and other illegal drug taking. Cognitive factors Smokers are seen as possessing irrational thoughts for instance that smoking improves cognitive functionoing or calm nerves. Such dysfunctional ideas can be self-fulfilling AO2 The fact that biological therapies help people quit supports the biological theory. Many people quit nicotine replacements suggesting social and cognitive factors. Supporting evidence NIDA (2005) found that 90% of American smokers started as teenagers, mainly as a result of copying peers, suggesting SLT as a cause of initiation of smoking. A recent Canadian study (Khaled 2005) found that there was a link between depression and nicotine where depression was higher in smokers and even higher in smokers who wanted to give up. PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS Need to meet 5/10 to be problem gamblers. More than 5, you are a pathological gambler. 1/ preoccupation with gambling 2/ need to gamble with increasing amount of money in order to achieve the desired excitement 3/ repeated unsuccessful efforts to control/out back or stop gambling. / restlessness or irritability when trying to out down on gambling. 5/ use of gambling as means of escaping from problems or relieving dysphonic mood. 6/ return to gambling even after losing money, in the hope of winning it back 7/ lying to family members, therapists or others to conceal the extent of gambling 8/ committing illegal acts such as fo rgery, fraud or theft to financial gambling 9/ jeopardising or losing significant relationships/jobs/educational opportunist as a result of gambling 10/ reliance on others to produce money to relieve a desperate situation caused by gambling Getting a ‘high’ One of the motivators is the ‘high’ they experience when they are close to winning. Raised levels of dopamine and noradrenalin have been found in people after episodes of gambling and in serious gamblers. These neurochemicals can be raised with the thought of gambling. Biological Stopping gambling seems to result in the same kind of withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping drugs. ROSENTHAL ET AL (1992) found that over 60% of pathology gamblers, reported physical withdraw and these could be compared with withdrawal of drugs. A number of studies have shown a link between potential brain abnormalities. It is linked between front lobe dysfunction and problem gambling (CAVEAINI ET AL 2002) Genetics There is evidence from studies that gambling could be inherited. Results of a twin study from SHAH (2005) found evidence of genetic transmission of gambling in men. Behavioural/sociocultural factors You are more likely to gamble if you are near a gambling area Alcohol It has been suggested that drinking increasing gambling, particularly in problem gambling. Young, game-machine gamblers stay on the machine longer when drinking. (POLS ET AL 1991). However, regular casino gamblers drink less when they are gambling. Behavioural SLT says that people copy from others. Operant says that people do it for rewards and getting high. Classical says that people associate the winning with the pleasure. Cognitive ZUCKERMAN (1979) claimed there are individual differences in the need for sensation seeking. They look for varied and new experiences. They have a low appreciation of risk and look forward to the ‘buzz’ more than low sensation seeks. Vulnerability of addiction Self esteem Teenagers are more likely to be linked with low self esteem and have addictive behaviours. Higher rates of depression and suicide – DEVERENSKY 2003 LEVY 2009 – low self esteem increase the chances of developing addiction. Genetic vulnerability. Several factors might be required have an addiction. AO2 – Cause and effect – addiction because of low self esteem or low self esteem causes addiction. GREENBERG ET AL (1999) found that in a sample of 129-addiction student, none had issues with low self esteem. Psychological therapies based on realizing self esteem levels in addicts may stop them relapsing. Attributions Explanations people give for their own behaviour. Cognitive behaviour can play a part in addictive behaviour. MOORE ET AL (1999) says that young male problem gamblers sometimes have unrealistic ideas about their chances of winning and of their ability to make things happen. People with addictive behaviour often have poor self efficacy (blame the outside world) and an external locus of control. They don’t blame their selves. SENEVITNE ET AL (2000) used a questionnaire and 70 alcoholics. The found that alcoholics saw other relapse because they have poor will power while their own relapsed were beyond their control and not their fault. AO2 May have more to do with responsibility of the addict. Therapies focus on positive beliefs on the addicts own power can lead to better success rates. Fast successful quitters in clinics often relapse on the outside as they blame outside cues to starting again. Personality EYSENCH (1997) – psychological resource model which has 3 dimensions which are inherited P (psychoticism) Aggressive, coldness, impulsivity and egocentricity N (neuroticism) Moodiness, imitabilty and anxiety E (extraversion) Optimums, liveliness and sociability There is little evidence to support a link between E and drug dependence. N and P have links with addiction to heroin, alcohol and nicotine. There is a correlation between alcohol addiction and anti social personalities. Gender Men are more likely to gamble because they are more competitive. Recent evidence has shown that there is an increase of women gamblers. With females, they are more likely to be addicted to smoking because of the risks of the consequences. (FOX 1994) However, in gambling more boys are regular gamblers than girls. JACOBS 2001 says boys start gambling earlier, spend more money and enjoy competitive skill based games. Social context Social context can influence vulnerability to dependency in many ways. Parents can be influenced through their own names to addictive behaviours. Drinking and to a lesser extent, smoking are not seen as sociability acceptable behaviours. CICCHETTIC 1999 states getting drunk and being anti-social can lead to drug abuse as can being depressed or anxious as a teenager. WAGNER ET AL 2002 found cannabis users were more likely to take cocaine so the social context can act as a ‘gateway’ to harder drugs. AO2 LESHNER 1998 believes that treatment must include social context otherwise if cue addict returns to the same social context, they will relapse. KUENTZEL 2008 found that pathological gambler give socially acceptable answers in self reports, playing down their addiction, suggesting data could be invalid. Family influence Teenagers copied off other – SLT. It also shows that a liberal attitude to drugs, poor bonding and dysfunctional relationship can lead to addictive behaviour. Parents are unconcerned about their children. Sociocultural background HALL 1990 found people in lower socio economic backgrounds were more likely to take drugs. Poor education + live in areas = high crime VITARA (2001) linked between alcohol abuse and problem gambling particularly in males. The role of media in addictive behaviour The media has influence on addictive behaviour. Advertising This can be used to encourage sales of alcoholic drinks and the lottery etc. or by the government to start anti-smoking campaigns etc. Alcohol and cigarettes CHAPMAN ET ALL 1982 found underage smokers preferred the more adverting brands. ATKIN ET AL 1984 found that 12-17 years old who had watched more adverts on drinking alcohol were more likely to approve of underage drinking. Banned on advert for cigarettes Cigarettes’ adverting is now banned in the UK as evidence as shown people are influenced by the advert they see. Role models Alcohol seems acceptable because of TV and films. SLT suggests we learn what we see which means TV characterises may influence the audience. Smokers, gamblers or drinkers as long as they are ‘loveable rogues’ could be seen as role models. CHARLTON 1986 seeing adverts made children associate smoking with looking grown up GUNSEKA 2005 found that drug taking in films to be portrayed in positive fashion with little reference to negative outcomes. AO2 Media can be positive influence on addictive behaviour. Media create moral panics which would stop addicts. The impact of media on addictive behaviour is hard to assess as research is correlation so don’t know what other variables are in place. Models of prevention of addiction Addiction = bad for a person and society Behaviour can stem from biological behaviour and cognitive factors with the addictive behaviour/addiction. It is in our interest to help prevent them before they even being or help to stop someone intending to begin an addiction TRA – THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION AJZEN AND FISHBEIN 1975 There are three general components, attitude, subjective norms and behavioural intention. This theory states the factors that are involved when people decide on their actions. People behave based on their attitudes of the behaviour and the interaction of what others will think of their behaviour. Essentially this model believes that if you have an intention to engage in a behaviour it can predict that you make a decision to carry out the behaviour. CRANO ET ALL 2008 used TRA to estimate teenager’s vulnerability to inhalant abuse, by assessing intention to use or avoid drug taking and actual behaviour. The model was found to be accurate as a predictive toll and thus useful in helping addicts to abstain. AO2 of TRA Critics see TRA as deficient in explaining behaviour of those who have little control over their behaviour, such as addicts. TRA does not consider personality and cultural factors or demographics that shape addictive behaviour. Addicts are often aware of their behaviour and that it is not rational but they cannot help their addiction. THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR – TPB TRA was modified to produce TPB, adding a new component, the influence of perceived control. The theory of planned behaviour ‘perceived control’ – this is similar to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy. According to TPB behavioural intentions are the outcome of the following beliefs. Attitude this can be a positive or negative evaluation of behaviour combined with beliefs about the outcome (e. g giving up smoking will be hard but will improve health). Subjective norms, perception if social norms ‘my friends will approve of my attempt to give up smoking’. Perceived Behaviour Control: a belief that someone can give up. AO2 of TPB The model assumes behaviours are conscious reasoned and planned, which may not be the case with addicts. As with TRA, TPB often used questionnaires to gather data, which can have issues with self report and social desirability. Most research is western countries cultural bias as individuals might not be as important in eastern cultures. Types of intervention Stages of changes model PROCHASHA AND DICLEMENTE said there were 5 stages that have to be overcome to beat addiction Pre-contemplation – before you start thinking about quitting the addiction. Contemplation – when you start to quit your addiction. Preparation – seek methods to stop addiction. Action – is starting the stopping to the addiction Maintance. People sometimes switch backwards and forwards and this is called ‘the revolving door phenomenon’. People in the preparation stage were more likely to attempt to give up an addiction than those in the contemplation stage. Psychological interventions Aversion therapy Contingency contracting Cue exposure self management technique Aversion therapy Punishment rather than reward. Been used to break smoking and alcohol addiction. Electric shocks every time the individual took addiction but was not successful. The addicts have been given a drug called Antabuse, when they drink alcohol, they are sick. They will link between the two. LANG AND MARLETT – TWO LIMITATIONS X not everyone was willing to take the drug. X doesn’t explain why they become addicted to the behaviour. With smoking, therapy was successful. Had to puff every 6 seconds, made the individual feel ill and nausea, assisted the two – SPIEGLAR AND GUEVREMONT. However, not been consistent across studies and a higher risk associated with this treatment for people who have heart problems. Didn’t focus on the act of smoking rather than causing the underlying addiction. Contingency contracting Individual to identify the environmental factors that are associated with smoking/drinking. The therapist aim to gradually expose the client to different cues and helps them to develop coping strategies to deal with the cues without resorting to smoking/drinking. Reduces the patients physical dependence on alcohol. but it does not teach them to deal with cues when they return to every day life. Cue exposure Addictive behaviour are often caused in the pressure of various stimuli. Cue exposure involves presenting the cue to the individual and helping them t control their reaction to it. In this way the response of ‘smoking’ in the pressure of alcohol fades away or exiting wishes. This is thought to be more effective than simply trying to avoid the cues. For example more drinking. Self-management technique This involves a variety of behavioural techniques. The individual is usually monitored by a therapist. The individual is asked to keep a daily record of their addictive habits and the changes to try and become aware of the things that make them become addictive. The individual should question the effects of the addiction. HALL ET ALL said that techniques can be used as a broader treatment programme, but they do not seem to be particularly effective on their own. EVAUALTION While these behaviours based can be effective, they all share the problem that they do not really address the underlying reason why people have become addictive in the first place. Often short term With all therapies for addiction, they work better if they are mixed with other therapies based on other treatment. Different ways/treatment to smoking/drinking/drugs Biological interventions have been widely used to help people give up on smoking. There have been different way of tackling with people’s smoking addiction. There are different types of treatment†¦ Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) This type of treatment involves nicotine gum, patches and nasal spray and others. These are effect because they help smokers stop their addiction in several ways. While the smoker take one of these replacement therapies, they are helping to withdraw the symptoms of smoking. These have also shown that these can have positive reinforcement with the person who is trying to give up. this meaning that the person is more likely to not do it again because they have something to distract them from the actual smoking. With this the client will used varies of different formulations and will slowly used smaller formulations as gum. Even though the client will have an urge to have a cigarettes, there are other ways to come about this. Nicotine patches help because they gradually emit nicotine throughout the day. If the client has a cigarette during the treatment, they are more likely to not repeat this again because the cigarette will be less satisfying. Bupropion Another way of helping with the addiction of smoking is bupropion. This drug works by increasing the brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, this simulates the effects of nicotine of these neurotransmitters. This is an effect treatment because it helped to block out the nicotine receptors. This means that the client is less likely that the client will relapse and have a cigarette. It has also bee proven my psychologists WATTS that it is successful. Varenicline This type of drug released dopamine in the brain. It also blocks effects of any nicotine added to the system. Trials have found that varenicline is superior to bupropion in helping people to stop smoking. Also it has helped smokers reduce the amount of cigarettes they have after a 12-week trial. Nicotine vaccines This is a new clinical trial, which is still undergoing at the moment. The type of trial is trying to help produce anti-bodies to the nicotine. The anti-bodies bind the nicotine so it takes longer to go to the brain. This therefore reduces the effect of the cigarettes smoke. EVALUTION Nicotine replacement therapy delivers nicotine into the bloodstream much more slowly than cigarette smokers does. But then it doesn’t satisfy the smoker completely ad maybe the client will give up on the therapy and relapse. Other research has shown that it’s the nicotine rather than other components that underlines the addiction and this maintains the cigarettes smoking. This therefore doesn’t rid the client the nicotine addiction. There also have been issues with health and safety with the nicotine. Some research has shown that it could cause cardiovascular, cancer, reproductive disorders and delayed wound healing. Because the body is still being supplied with nicotine, this could increase heart rate, coronary blood vessels and temporarily increase bloody pressure. There are quite a few side effects to take just nicotine and because of this, it is advised not to take it during pregnancy but then again it is safer to take nicotine than to smoke in pregnancy. How to cite Add Media, Papers

Succot The Jewish Holiday Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Succot: The Judaic Holiday Essay, Research Paper Succot: The Judaic Vacation After the Exodus from bondage in Egypt, the rolling Jews lived in collapsible shelters or booths, called Succots. They were pitched wherever they happened to halt for the dark. Today it is called the Succot the festival of booths retrieving both the ancient agricultural booths and those of the Exodus. The harvest festival of Thanksgiving, Succot, begins five yearss after Yom Kippur, and stopping points for eight yearss. The first two yearss are the most holy, during which most Jews do non work. The households construct the booths and adorn it with subdivisions, and foliages, fruits, and other designs. The roof is covered lightly, so the stars and the sky can still be seen. Most Judaic households eat all their repasts in the Succot, while some even sleep in them. During the Succot festival, thanks are given for all turning workss by utilizing four workss which are symbolic of all the remainder. We will write a custom essay sample on Succot The Jewish Holiday Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These four workss besides represent the Judaic people. The Etrog, or the citrous fruit fruit, stands for the people who are educated in the Torah and who do good workss. The Lulav, or subdivision of the day of the month thenar, stands for the Judaic people who have knowledge but no good workss. The Hadas, or myrtle, symbolizes the people who do good workss, but are non educated. The Aravah, or willow, stands for Thursday e people who have no good workss and no instruction. These workss are carried around the temple in a emanation while supplications are recited for approvals on the land and fruit of Israel. In scriptural times, the willow, the thenar, and the Etrog were used in adorning the Succot. At the terminal of the Autum crop, on the 15th twenty-four hours of Tishri ( September-October ) Succot is celebrated. It is believed that the festival originated with the ancient Canaanite jubilation after the grape crop at the terminal of the one-year dry season. During this clip rites were performed to incourage the rains. Boughs of fruit trees and evergreens were made into small booths which the early Judaic husbandmans lived during the festival. The last twenty-four hours of Succot is called Simhat Torah. It means the # 8220 ; rejoicing of the Torah. # 8221 ; On this twenty-four hours, the reading of the Torah is completed, and is so immidiately begun once more. This symbolizes the fact that the survey of the Torah has no beginning and no terminal. Children are given the award of being called to read the Torah along side their seniors. Generally merely grownups are called up to the Torah. In a series of seven emanations around the temple, called Hakafot, the rabbi leads the fold transporting the Torah. The emanation goes seven times around in award of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Joseph, and David.

Retired Volunteers Essay Example For Students

Retired Volunteers Essay HS 836 Unit 7 Discussion 2 February 27, 2002 Question: Seniors, more than any other age group, scrutinize social problems and service delivery systems, partially because they have available time and partially because they are the recipients. Failure to request their input in social service planning is a critical error. Discuss your mechanisms for soliciting their input. Discussion: Soliciting the input of seniors can be accomplished by the news media, local church groups, colleges, human services organizations, hospitals, community awareness forums and seminars and by simply asking the retired persons in your area for their input. Senior retired persons have the desire to help in the community and the desire to feel needed and useful. Communities that open the door to retired senior volunteers are indeed more successful, provide better services and in general treat retired persons with respect and dignity. The news media can be used as a means of communicating the needs to be filled by retired persons. Church groups can hold public information seminars and form retired coalitions. College students can communicate and talk with senior retired persons and provide direction and information to them. The AARP in Billings does a great job of informing, organizing and utilizing the services, knowledge and wisdom of retired senior volunteers. Human services organizations can recommend and suggest retired persons that can assist others with their knowledge, wisdom and life experiences. Retired volunteers can be used by each and every organization in a community, business, human services, hospital service assistance, church assistance, advice to those suffering from social, financial or marital problems. Communities that use the services of retired people will assist the retired people by allowing them to feel needed, wanted and useful and will in every way provide improved and diverse services to those in need. Thank you,Edwin A. TaylorBillings, MT